What is the difference between medication and psychological treatment for depression?
Which of these is LEAST likely to be effective in the treatment of depression? eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
What is the most effective treatment for mental health conditions?
Placebos are often as effective as antidepressants in treating minor depression. Benefits of these medications over placebos for treating mild or moderate was minimal or nonexistent. Many individuals affected by depression do not respond to antidepressant medications, chronic depression and old age are associated with decreased response.
How is electroconvulsive therapy used to treat depression?
A) Behaviour therapy. B) Insight. C) Person-centred. D) Rational-emotive therapy. Answer: D. 124) Sigmund Freud arrives for a therapy session with Albert Ellis. Freud's main complaint is depression; it seems that Freud's writings have not received the kind of response he had hoped for and expected.
What are the three classes of antidepressants?
Three classes of antidepressants, the tricyclics, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), block the reabsorption of norepinephrine and serotonin, whereas SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin.
What are the interventions that affect the brain?
Include the use of medication and other interventions that affect various brain systems such as circadian related treatment (light therapy and sleep deprivation) and brain stimulation techniques.
What is ECT treatment?
ECT is FDA approved for treatment resistant depression and is considered a first line treatment for profound, life threatening depressive symptoms . ECT, typically conducted several times weekly, involves application of moderate electrical voltage to the brain. Appropriate use of anesthetics during ECT treatment minimises side effects such as headaches, confusion and memory loss.
How to help mood disorders?
Some treatment for mood disorders involve efforts to reset the circadian clock. A night of total sleep deprivation followed by a night of sleep recovery can improve depressive symptoms. Additionally use of bright, visible spectrum or blue wavelength light is an effective and well tolerated treatment for those with SAD and other depressive disorders.
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, an ETC alternative in which an electromagnetic field stimulates the brain. Although recent meta analysis concluded that this technique has sufficient research to support its use for MDD and for auditory hallucination, other lit. has expressed more skepticism, in part because of the weak design of many studies evaluating the procedure. A factor confounding the research may be intensity of stimulation, high intensity stimulation appears to produce most significant results.
How to treat behavior activation?
Steps involving treatment are 1) identifying and rating different activities in terms of pleasure and mastery, 2) performing some of the selected activities, 3) identifying problems and using behavioural techniques to deal with it, 4) improving social and assertiveness skills. Behavioural activation has been shown in one study to be as efficacious as medication and more efficacious than cognitive therapy.
What are the three approaches to cognitive therapy?
Three approaches that have received extensive research support (behavioural activation, cognitive behavioural, and interpersonal therapy) and one technique (mindfullness based cognitive therapy).
Who conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive compulsive disorder?
Dr. Schultze conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive-compulsive disorder. In his study, neither Schultze nor the participants knows who is receiving the active drug and who is receiving the placebo. This example describes. double-blind study.
Who keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individual who is suffering from a rare brain
Dr. Mingus keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individual who is suffering from a rare brain disorder. This is an example of which research method?
What is the experimental group in a drug study?
In a drug study, group one receives an inactive pill and group two receives a pill that is believed to be effective in treating depression. Group two is the. experimental group. The scientific method is based on.
What is Dr. von Walden's hypothesis?
Dr. Von Walden's conducts research on depression. His hypothesis is that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns. From which perspective is von Waldner working?
What is _ in survey research?
In survey research, _ are subsets of the total group who are the subject of interest to the researcher.
Who founded the first psychological laboratory to study the mind?
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory to study the mind.
Does injection of happystuff cause depression?
you see a journal article entitled "injection of happystuff causes a reduction in symptoms of depression in adult males." this tells you that the independent variable
How effective is IPT for postpartum depression?
Several studies, including one large-scale randomized controlled trial, have supported the effectiveness of IPT for treating postpartum depression. O’Hara and colleagues randomized 120 women with postpartum depression to receive 12 weekly 60-minute individual sessions of manualized IPT by a trained therapist versus control condition of a wait-list. 101 The women who received IPT had a significant decrease in their depressive symptomatology (measured by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory) as compared to the wait-list group, as well as significant improvement in social adjustment scores. In another study by Clark et al 35 women with postpartum depression were assigned to individual IPT (12 sessions) versus mother–infant group therapy versus a wait-list condition. 102 Both IPT and mother–infant group therapy were associated with greater reduction in depressive symptoms as compared to the wait-list conditions. Both studies support the effectiveness of IPT as a treatment for PPD, though there is not enough data to suggest a specific benefit to IPT compared with other therapeutic modalities.
How does depression affect a mother?
Untreated maternal depression is associated with serious morbidity for the mother, the infant, and the family system. Perinatal depression causes significant suffering in women at a time when personal or societal notions of motherhood as a uniquely joyful, if tiring, experience may be incongruous with the depressed woman’s ability to feel gratification in the mothering role, 13 connect with her infant, or carry out the often overwhelming tasks of caring for a new baby. 14 Such a disconnect can reinforce the disabling sense of isolation, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness that frequently characterize the depressed state. Women with PPD are at higher risk for smoking, 15 alcohol or illicit substance abuse, 16 and are more likely than nondepressed mothers to experience current or recent physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Although rates of suicide for women during pregnancy and the puerperum are lower than the general population, suicide is an important cause of maternal mortality. 17 Self-inflicted injury is the leading cause of one-year maternal mortality in the United Kingdom. 18 A recent World Health Organization report on women’s health identifies self-inflicted injury as the second leading cause of maternal mortality in high-income countries; suicide remains an important cause of maternal deaths in moderate and low-income countries. 19 Intrusive thoughts of accidental or intentional harm to the baby are common in the early postpartum time. 20 These thoughts are more frequent and distressing in women with postpartum depression; 21 however, nonpsychotic depressed women are unlikely to commit infanticide. 22
What is psychosocial intervention?
As compared with IPT or CBT, psychosocial interventions are unstructured and nonmanualized, and include nondirective counseling and peer support. Nondirective counseling (also known as “person-centered”) is based on the use of empathic and nonjudgmental listening and support. In the first notable study evaluating this intervention, Holden randomized 50 women with PPD to 8 weekly nondirective counseling sessions with a health visitor or routine primary care. 108 A health visitor in the UK is a public health nurse who conducts home visits with pregnant and postpartum women. This study found that the rate of recovery from PPD for counseling (69%) was significantly greater than that of the control group (38%). In a similar study conducted in Sweden, Wickberg and Hwang randomized 31 women with PPD to receive six nondirective counseling sessions by child health clinic nurses or routine primary care. 109 As in the Holden study, a significantly greater percentage of women in the treatment group (80%) had remission of depression than in the control group (25%). Study limitations include the removal of four study participants, two in each group, for more intensive mental health services due to illness severity.
How does mother to mother support affect depressive symptoms?
In a pilot study, CL Dennis 113 evaluated the effect of mother-to-mother support as delivered over the telephone on depressive symptomatology in a postpartum patient population identified as at high risk for PPD based on EPDS score >9. Standard postpartum care in addition to individualized telephone-based peer support resulted in a significant reduction in depressive symptoms at 8 weeks. More recently, in a larger randomized multisite trial, Dennis and colleagues demonstrated that high-risk postpartum women who received telephone-based peer support over 12 weeks were at lower risk for developing PPD (as defined by EPDS >12) compared to a control group receiving usual care. 114 Due in part to the telephone-based nature of the study, the investigators were unable to confirm the findings from rating scales with structured clinical interviews.
How many mothers are affected by postpartum depression?
Postpartum depression is a major international public health problem that affects at least 1 in 8 mothers and their children in the year after childbirth worldwide. PPD may be more common and may be associated with more morbidity for both mothers and children in resource-poor countries.
What are the risk factors for postnatal depression?
6, 7 Significant risk factors for PPD include a history of depression prior to or during pregnancy, anxiety during pregnancy, experiencing stressful life events during pregnancy or the early puerperium, low levels of social support 8 or partner support, 9 low socioeconomic status, and obstetric complications. 7 Although mental health often is not prioritized as a problem in poorer countries where access to basic nutrition and health care are not consistent, the evidence suggests that postnatal depression may be both more common and more grave for women and their children in low-income countries. The limited data from resource-constrained countries suggests that rates of depression in mothers of young infants exceeds 25%, 10 and in some settings may be as high as 60%. 11 The intersection of cultural, interpersonal and socioeconomic factors may also confer significant risk of PPD: in one study in Goa, India, risk for depression after delivery increased with economic deprivation, marital violence, and female gender of the infant. 12
What is CBT 105?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a well-studied and effective treatment for major depression, 105 is based on the premise that both perceptions and behaviors are intimately linked to mood.