Full Answer
What do you mean by Equality?
That is to say, people possess the same social status and enjoy the same treatment. In the political thought, equality is described that all human beings are equal, and equality in distribution, namely equal distribution of wealth, social opportunities and political power.
When two persons have equal status they must be treated equally?
When two persons have equal status in at least one normatively relevant respect, they must be treated equally with regard to this respect.This is the generally accepted formal equality principle that Aristotle formulated in reference to Plato: “treat like cases as like” (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, V.3.
Why is equality important in Political Science?
To summarise, equality is an important notion of Political Science. It is demonstrated in Chinese Dictionary that equality refer to the process in which people are entitled to the same treatment in terms of society, economy, laws and the same status.
What are the basic elements of equality?
Equality has three Basic elements: 1 Absence of special privileges in society. 2 Presence of adequate and equal opportunities for development of all. 3 Equal satisfaction of basic needs of all. More ...
What does political equality mean quizlet?
What does political equality mean? Each person carries the same weight in voting and other political decision making.
What is the political ideas of equality?
Political equality is the quality of a society whose voluntary members are of equal standing in terms of political power or influence.
Why is democratic system based on political equality?
In democracies, every citizen vote has the same value irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or race. This ensures political equality among its citizens. It is a form of government in which people either directly or indirectly participate in decision making through a system of representation.
What ensures political equality in a democracy?
Universal Adult Franchise (Voting rights). In a democratic country, voting rights are given to everyone without any discrimination. A democratic nation makes citizens sovereign. The universal adult franchise in any democratic country is the only right which shows people politically equal.
What does it mean to treat equals equally?
According to Aristotle, “equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally”. This principle of equality states that individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved.
What is political and social equality?
Social equality is a state of affairs in which all individuals within a specific society have equal rights, liberties, and status, possibly including civil rights, freedom of expression, autonomy, and equal access to certain public goods and social services.
What is political equality Class 9 CBSE?
Political equality is that the equal right should be given to vote and also to contest in election irrespective of caste, creed, religion, economic status.
What is democracy answer?
Democracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings are directly or indirectly decided by the “people"—a group generally understood to include all (or nearly all) adult citizens.
How can you say that democracies are based on political equality short answer?
Democracies are based on political equality because every citizen's vote has equal value for electing the representatives. Explanation: Democracy gives a say to everyone for electing their representatives irrespective of their region, religion, race or gender.
How are political and economic equality ensured?
Expert-verified answer By giving every citizen a right to vote irrespective of the religion, color, caste and language differences. Right to take part in elections and represent your tribe/group/religion. Rights to condemn the policies and actions of the government.
What is political equality Brainly?
EXPLANATION. Political equality gives equal rights to all the citizens to vote. It also provides equal rights to all the citizens to participate in the contest in elections. A country becomes a democratic country only when people decided to vote for a political party with out facing any fears.
What is political equality Class 11th?
Political equality means that all the citizens of a country should have same political rights without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, colour, sex or religion. It entails universal adult franchise and right to contest elections.
What is the most direct means for providing political equality?
The most direct means for providing political equality is through the universal right to vote , no matter the voter's personal background, wealth or social status. Rawls sees political equality as one part of a larger theory of justice. His theory includes several elements.
What is political equality?
According to Jarrett B. Wollstein in The Freeman, political equality refers to the equality of each citizen's individual rights and liberty. In a politically equal society, citizens who are unequal socially or financially still possess identical voting rights and have the right to expect equitable treatment under the law.
Who defined equality as being embodied by a society in which each citizen is an equal participant in choosing that society
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy discusses philosopher John Rawls' definition of political equality as being embodied by a society in which each citizen is an equal participant in choosing that society's governing.
What is the first assumption of equality?
First is an assumption that people begin as equals under the law, regardless of their personal talents or the circumstances in which they were born . Next is the assumption that all humans are equally valuable and have a sense of what is good and just. Third is the notion of equality of opportunity.
What is equality in politics?
In the political thought, equality is described that all human beings are equal, and equality in distribution, namely equal distribution of wealth, social opportunities and political power. There are different types of equality such as political, social, legal, natural, and economic equality. There is a strong link between freedom and equality.
What is equality in the world?
Equality means equal satisfaction of basic needs of all the persons before the special needs', and luxuries of some persons may be met. Equality supports an equitable and fair distribution of wealth and resources i.e. Minimum possible gap between the rich and poor.
What does equality mean in French?
These are all old French or Latin words. These French/Latin words mean even, level and equal. In general term, equality means full equality of treatment and reward for all. It is needed as natural equality.
What is social equality?
Social Equality: Social equality is referred as equal rights and opportunities for development for all classes of people without any discrimination such as civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights, and equal access to social goods and services .
What is equality in Chinese?
It is demonstrated in Chinese Dictionary that equality refer to the process in which people are entitled to the same treatment in terms of society, economy, laws and the same status. That is to say, people possess the same social status and enjoy the same treatment.
What are the elements of equality?
Equality has three Basic elements: 1 Absence of special privileges in society. 2 Presence of adequate and equal opportunities for development of all. 3 Equal satisfaction of basic needs of all.
What is economic equality?
There should be equitable distribution of wealth and resources in the society. Economic Equality is closely associated to political equality.
What is equality in politics?
Our first task is therefore to provide a clear definition of equality in the face of widespread misconceptions about its meaning as a political idea. The terms ‘equality’ (Greek: isotes; Latin: aequitas, aequalitas; French: égalité; German Gleichheit ), ‘equal’, and ‘equally’ signify a qualitative relationship. ‘Equality’ (or ‘equal’) signifies correspondence between a group of different objects, persons, processes or circumstances that have the same qualities in at least one respect, but not all respects, i.e., regarding one specific feature, with differences in other features. ‘Equality’ must then be distinguished from ‘identity’, which refers to one and the same object corresponding to itself in all its features. For the same reason, it needs to be distinguished from ‘similarity’ – the concept of merely approximate correspondence (Dann 1975, p. 997; Menne 1962, p. 44 ff.; Westen 1990, pp. 39, 120). Thus, to say that men are equal, for example, is not to say that they are identical. Equality implies similarity rather than ‘sameness’.
What are the two types of equality?
According to Aristotle, there are two kinds of equality, numerical and proportional (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1130b–1132b; cf. Plato, Laws, VI.757b–c). A way of treating others, or a distribution arising from it, is equal numerically when it treats all persons as indistinguishable, thus treating them identically or granting them the same quantity of a good per capita. That is not always just. In contrast, a way of treating others or a distribution is proportional or relatively equal when it treats all relevant persons in relation to their due. Just numerical equality is a special case of proportional equality. Numerical equality is only just under special circumstances, namely when persons are equal in the relevant respects so that the relevant proportions are equal. Proportional equality further specifies formal equality; it is the more precise and comprehensive formulation of formal equality. It indicates what produces an adequate equality.
What does simple equality mean?
Simple equality, meaning everyone being furnished with the same material level of goods and services, represents a strict position as far as distributive justice is concerned. It is generally rejected as untenable.
What is the presumption of equality?
What is at stake here is the question of the principle with which a material conception of justice should be constructed, particularly once the approaches described above prove inadequate. The presumption of equality is a prima facie principle of equal distribution for all goods politically suited for the process of public distribution. In the domain of political justice, all members of a given community, taken together as a collective body, have to decide centrally on the fair distribution of social goods, as well as on the distribution’s fair realization. Any claim to a particular distribution, including any existing distributive scheme, has to be impartially justified, i.e., no ownership should be recognized without justification. Applied to this political domain, the presumption of equality requires that everyone should get an equal share in the distribution unless certain types of differences are relevant and justify, through universally acceptable reasons, unequal shares. (With different terms and arguments, this principle is conceived as a presumption by Benn & Peters (1959, 111) and by Bedau (1967, 19); as a relevant reasons approach by Williams (1973); as a conception of symmetry by Tugendhat (1993, 374; 1997, chap. 3); as default option by Hinsch (2002, chap. 5); for criticism of the presumption of equality, cf. Westen (1990, chap. 10).) This presumption results in a principle of prima facie equal distribution for all distributable goods. A strict principle of equal distribution is not required, but it is morally necessary to justify impartially any unequal distribution. The burden of proof lies on the side of those who favor any form of unequal distribution. (For a justification of the presumption in favor of equality s. Gosepath 2004, II.8.; Gosepath 2015.)
What is the dominant idea of the seventeenth century?
In the modern period, starting in the seventeenth century, the dominant idea was of natural equality in the tradition of natural law and social contract theory.
What is Aristotle's idea of justice?
Aristotle’s idea of justice as proportional equality contain s a fundamental insight. The idea offers a framework for a rational argument between egalitarian and non-egalitarian ideas of justice, its focal point being the question of the basis for an adequate equality (Hinsch 2003).
When does equal opportunity prevail?
Equal opportunity prevails when human beings effectively enjoy equal realms of possibility. (v) Simple equality is very often associated with equality of results (although these are two distinct concepts). However, to strive only for equality of results is problematic.
What is the principle of equal treatment?
This principle is often conveyed by the formula that ‘equal situations must be treated in the same way and unequal situations must be treated differently to the degree of their inequality’ . 1 Yet the meaning of the equal treatment principle does not lend itself to precise definition. As various authors have noted, the requirement for equal situations to be treated the same way is of a formal nature and does not tell us when two cases are equal or what equal treatment consists of. 2 The determination that situations are equal or unequal always, therefore, rests on a value judgement that is external to the equal treatment principle itself. 3 The same is true with regard to the question of whether a particular form of unequal treatment is nevertheless acceptable because of being based on a reasonable justification (section II.C). Because of this ‘normative indeterminacy’, 4 the equal treatment principle as such provides little guidance with regard to the issues addressed in this chapter. Nevertheless, the principle has been translated into a number of legal norms, including provisions in human rights treaties. Through the formulation and application of such norms, the equal treatment principle has gained content. The relevant legal provisions are described below.
What is the right to equal treatment in the Netherlands?
The right to equal treatment is also laid down in Article 1 of the Dutch Constitution, which provides that all who are present in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal cases and prohibits discrimination on ‘any ground’. 17 Article 1 applies independently of other rights and freedoms and covers each of the issues discussed in this chapter. However, while the scope of this provision is rather broad, its requirements are not very specific. More detailed norms regarding equal treatment have been laid down in a number of national legislative measures, but these are not applicable to the field of immigration policy. 18 The relevance of Article 1 of the Dutch Constitution is also limited by the fact that the Dutch courts are not allowed to assess the constitutionality of legislation at the national level. 19 As a result, judicial interpretation has added little clarity to the meaning of Article 1 of the Dutch Constitution.
What is differential treatment on the basis of nationality?
This section examines the legal standards set by the above provisions on differential treatment on the basis of nationality, especially in admission cases. First, however, a preliminary remark is made about the meaning of the term ‘nationality’. In section III.A a distinction is drawn between nationality and the related concepts of alienage and national origin. It is also argued that nationality – unlike national origin – is not a forbidden discrimination ground within the meaning of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Section III.B then assesses whether nationality qualifies as a ‘suspect ground’, which would imply that differentiations based on this ground will require very strong justification. Next, the reasons for justification are discussed in section III.C. As the reasons that could be adduced to justify differential treatment are in principle unlimited, this chapter focuses on the reasons provided by the Dutch government in relation to the AIA. Section III.D discusses Dutch case law with regard to differential treatment on the grounds of nationality, in particular where the AIA is concerned.
What is differential treatment?
It is generally accepted under international law that such distinctions are justified, at least within the context of immigration policy. 44 However, states can also differentiate between aliens of different nationalities, as is the case under the Act on Integration Abroad. In this situation the differentiation ground is also nationality, but the distinction is not between nationals and non-nationals. It is this latter form of differential treatment that is investigated in this section. To avoid terminological confusion, however, the first type of differential treatment (between nationals and non-nationals) is henceforth referred to as ‘differential treatment on the grounds of alienage’. Where mention is made of ‘differential treatment on the ground of nationality’, this refers to a differentiation between aliens.
What is the act on integration abroad?
A S EXPLAINED IN chapter 2 (section VI.B) the Act on Integration Abroad does not apply to all immigrants alike. Whereas some aliens have to pass the integration exam abroad in order to be admitted to the Netherlands, others are exempted from this condition. This chapter, together with chapters 9 and 10, investigates how this difference in treatment should be assessed in relation to the right to equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination. More specifically the following topics are addressed: the differential treatment of immigrants on the grounds of their nationality and residence purpose; the indirect differential treatment of immigrants and their family members on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin; and the ‘reverse discrimination’ of Dutch nationals who are not entitled to family reunification under EU law.
Does Article 21 apply to nationality discrimination?
While it can be derived a contrario from Article 21 (2) that this does not include nationality-based discrimination, it is submitted that Article 21 (1) does in principle apply to differential treatment on the grounds of residence purpose.
Is equal treatment a violation of the Dutch Constitution?
Clearly however, not all differential treatment constitutes a violation of these provisions. Law-making typically entails the use of distinctions and categorisations, and it is therefore hard to see how a legal system could be maintained without any form of differential treatment. 21 When, for example, implementing measures in the field of education, distinctions may be made between children with and without disabilities or with different learning capabilities. Such forms of differential treatment are not normally regarded as problematic from a legal perspective because they are based on reasons considered acceptable. Consequently, the right to equal treatment only prohibits differential treatment that cannot be justified. 22
Summary
Summary Equality is a concept open to many interpretations in the legal domain, with equality as equal treatment dominating the scene in the bureaucratic nation-state.
Introduction
The concept of equality can be interpreted as a reformulation of the principle of non-discrimination in employment matters (Berg, 1964 ).
A Typology of Equality Legislation
Inherited from the Enlightenment, equality is a general and overarching constitutional principle found in most legal systems, while earlier sources can be traced to the scriptures. France and the United States are the first countries that enshrined equality in their foundational legal bases. As mentioned in the Preamble to the U.S.
Moving Along the Typology
In many countries, for a given category (i.e., gender, Blacks, ethnic groups, immigrants of certain national or ethnic origins, or their descendants), states often had to repeal discriminatory legislation before they introduced anti-discrimination legislation (Klarsfeld et al., 2012 ). For instance, after World War II successive U.S.
Coverage of Laws in Terms of Criteria and Sectors
In most countries equal treatment laws, when they exist, apply across all sectors (i.e., public and private). They also apply to a generally large and growing number of criteria.
Enforcement and Sanctions
Regardless of whether a law is based on equal treatment or a mandate to report, act, progress, or achieve an outcome, it will meet with little success if there are no enforcement mechanisms in place (Lu, 2019 ).
Practical Implications for Organizations
As the workplace becomes more global, an increasing number of employers are employed by multinational corporations. With organizations spanning a variety of countries, they face different work cultures and national discrimination laws. Thus, the companies must deal with significant complexity which increases risks of non-compliance.
Defining The Concept
- ‘Equality’ is a contested concept: “People whopraise it or disparage it disagree about what they are praising ordisparaging” (Dworkin 2000, p. 2). Our first task is thereforeto provide a clear definition of equality in the face of widespreadmisconceptions about its meaning as a political idea. The terms‘equality’ (Greek: isotes; Latin:aequitas, aeq...
Principles of Equality and Justice
- Equality in its prescriptive usage is closely linked to morality andjustice, and distributive justice in particular. Since antiquityequality has been considered a constitutive feature of justice. (Onthe history of the concept, cf. Albernethy 1959, Benn 1967, Brown1988, Dann 1975, Thomson 1949.) People and movements throughouthistory have used the language of justice to contest inequalit…
Conceptions of Distributive Equality: Equality of What?
- Every effort to interpret the concept of equality and to apply theprinciples of equality mentioned above demands a precise measure ofthe parameters of equality. We need to know the dimensions withinwhich the striving for equality is morally relevant. What follows is abrief review of the seven most prominent conceptions of distributiveequality, each offering a different answe…
Relational Equality
- Since the late 1990s, social relations egalitarianism has appeared inphilosophical discourse as an increasingly important competitor todistribuitivist accounts of justice, especially its luck egalitarianversions (cf. Lippert-Rassmussen 2018). Proponents of social relationsegalitarianism include Anderson (1999), Miller (1997), Scanlon (1996,2018), Scheffler (2003, 2005, 2015), Wolf…
Equality Among Whom?
- Justice is primarily related to individual actions. Individual personsare the primary bearers of responsibility (the key principle ofethical individualism). This raises two controversial issues in thecontemporary debate. One could regard the norms of distributive equality as applying togroups rather than individuals. It is often groups that rightfullyraise the issue of an inequality between th…
The Value of Equality: Why Equality?
- Does equality play a major role in a theory of justice, and if so,what is this role? A conception of justice is egalitarianwhen it views equality as a fundamental goal of justice. Temkin hasput it as follows: In general, the focus of the modern egalitarian effort to realizeequality is on the possibility of a good life, i.e., on an equality oflife prospects and life circumstances – interpreted in various…