Full Answer
Did Anna O really improve following Breuer's treatment?
Breuer's history of Anna O has given rise to a tremendous amount of debate. There seems to be much uncertainty about the true extent of Anna's clinical improvement following the treatment.
How did Breuer hypnotize Anna?
In the second stage, Breuer was able to hypnotize Anna every morning, sometimes by holding up an orange, in order to help her to remember some of the painful emotions she had gone through when her father was dying. Each evening Breuer would return and Anna would recount, with vivid emotion, the exact events from precisely one year previously.
What did Breuer do for Anna Karenina?
Noticing the benefit that the release of anxious thoughts had on Anna, Breuer began treatment with what would eventually be described as “talking therapy” (referred to Anna as “chimney sweeping”) - engaging in conversations with his patient on a daily basis, talking to her about her problems in search of a psychological basis for the hysteria.
What did Breuer call the'Talking Cure'?
During the course of treatment, which lasted from 1880 to 1882, Breuer found that talking about her experiences seemed to offer Pappenheim some relief from her symptoms. She dubbed the treatment the "talking cure."
When did Josef Breuer treat Anna O?
During the course of treatment, which lasted from 1880 to 1882,3 Breuer found that talking about her experiences seemed to offer Pappenheim some relief from her symptoms. She dubbed the treatment the "talking cure."
What therapy did Sigmund and Josef proposed that might help Anna O?
The Viennese physician Josef Breuer (1842-1925) has a unique and prominent place in the history of psychotherapy. From 1880-82, while treating a patient known as Anna O., Breuer developed the cathartic method, or talking cure, for treating nervous disorders.
Did Anna O have hysteria?
0:006:02Anna O - A Freudian case study of Hysteria and the Electra ComplexYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThis video goes over a freudian case study with a patient named anna oh who was diagnosed. WithMoreThis video goes over a freudian case study with a patient named anna oh who was diagnosed. With hysteria anao was the pseudonym given to one of the patients of physician joseph brewer anna oh's real
Did Breuer treat Nietzsche?
After further convincing by Salomé back in Vienna, Breuer agrees to take on Nietzsche as his patient and explore talking as the treatment of his despair.
What did Anna O do?
Bertha Pappenheim (27 February 1859 – 28 May 1936) was an Austrian-Jewish feminist, a social pioneer, and the founder of the Jewish Women's Association ('Jüdischer Frauenbund'). Under the pseudonym Anna O., she was also one of Josef Breuer's best-documented patients because of Sigmund Freud's writing on Breuer's case.
What is hysteria called today?
conversion disorder, formerly called hysteria, a type of mental disorder in which a wide variety of sensory, motor, or psychic disturbances may occur.
What is Anna's treatment?
Anna's treatment led both to emphasise the impact of previous traumas and subconscious ideas on the conscious mind, and gave rise to the use of “talking therapy”, along with hypnosis and regression, to identify the possible causes of mental illnesses.
What is the treatment for Anna?
Noticing the benefit that the release of anxious thoughts had on Anna, Breuer began treatment with what would eventually be described as “talking therapy” (referred to Anna as “chimney sweeping”) - engaging in conversations with his patient on a daily basis, talking to her about her problems in search of a psychological basis for the hysteria.
What did Breuer and Freud believe about Anna?
Breuer and Freud believed that bringing unconscious anxieties, such as hallucinations and traumatic experiences, to the conscious attention, Anna could overcome any related symptoms. Over time, her problems ceased and she made a gradual recovery, was given a pet dog to look after and engaged in charity work helping other ill people. ...
How many stages of Anna O's illness?
Stages of Anna O’s Illness. Breuer summarised the illness of Anna O in four stages: “Latent Incubation”. Beginning in July, 1880 and lasting until around December 10th of the same year, Anna’s illness started. Freud states that in other patients, the signs of the illness would not be noticeable but the exceptional symptoms seen in Anna resulted in ...
What were the symptoms of Anna's sleep walking?
The symptoms exhibited by Anna herself were wide ranging, from a cough to behavior-related symptoms including sleep walking: Paralysis: Paralysis in Anna’s right arm and leg. Involuntary eye movements: Including vision problems and, in December, 1881, a squint.
What did Anna feel in her dream?
Anna felt paralysed in the dream, and was unable to protect the bed-bound patient from the creature. Freud concluded that the paralysis that she experienced in reality was linked to that which she had experienced in an anxious state during the dream.
Why did Anna leave school?
The age and society within which Anna grew up limited women’s opportunities and she left school to take up leisurely activities such as sewing , rather continuing her education. In 1880, Anna’s father contracted tuberculosis and Anna devoted herself to caring for him whilst he was limited to his bed.
How did Breuer treat Anna O?
He began using hypnosis to facilitate these sessions. He found that when she recalled a series of memories back to a traumatic memory, one of her many symptoms would disappear, a process that Breuer called cathartic. Soon, Breuer was treating Anna with hypnosis twice a day and eventually all of her symptoms were gone. Breuer drew two important conclusions from his work with Anna: that her symptoms were the result of thoughts that were buried in her unconscious and that when these thoughts were spoken and became conscious, the symptoms disappeared. Breuer's treatment of Anna O. is the first example of "deep psychotherapy" carried out over an extended time period.
What was Breuer's first work?
It was one of the first examples of a feedback mechanism in the autonomic nervous system of a mammal. Their experiments changed the way scientists viewed the relationship of the lungs to the nervous system, and the mechanism is still known as the Hering-Breuer reflex.
What did Josef Breuer discover?
Josef Breuer made the crucial observations upon which early psychoanalytic theory was based. He discovered that neuroses could arise from unconscious processes and, furthermore, that the neurotic symptoms could disappear when these underlying causes became part of the conscious mind. He communicated these findings to Sigmund Freud and the two men entered into a collaboration. Breuer emphasized hypnosis. He also believed that differing levels of consciousness are very important in both normal and abnormal mental processes. Although Freud eventually rejected this concept, it is now believed to be of great significance. Breuer also was among the most important physiologists of the nineteenth century.
Where was Breuer born?
Breuer was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1842. His father, Leopold Breuer, taught religion in Vienna's Jewish community. Breuer's mother died when he was quite young, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and educated by his father until the age of eight. He graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium of Vienna in 1858 and then studied at the university for one year, before enrolling in the medical school of the University of Vienna. He passed his medical exams in 1867 and went to work as assistant to the internist Johann Oppolzer at the university.
When did Freud use Breuer's methods of psychoanalysis?
When Freud began to use Breuer's methods of psychoanalysis, Breuer and Freud discussed Freud's patients and the techniques and results of their treatments. In 1893 , they published an article on their work and, two years later, the book which marked the beginning of psychanalytic theory, Studien über Hysterie.
Which psychologists were credited with developing the theory of hallucinations?
Breuer dropped his study of psychoanalysis, whereas Freud continued to develop his theories independently. However, among other concepts, Breuer usually is credited with having first suggested that perception and memory are different psychic processes and with having developed a theory of hallucinations.
Who was the best physician in Vienna?
Breuer was regarded as one of the finest physicians and scientists in Vienna. In 1894, he was elected to the Viennese Academy of Science. Breuer died in Vienna in 1925. His daughter Dora later committed suicide rather than be deported by the Nazis. Likewise, one of his granddaughters died at the hands of the Nazis.
Why did Breuer terminate the treatment of Bertha Pappenheim?
So when Breuer terminated the treatment in June 1882, it was not because Bertha Pappenheim had recovered (in mid-June, she was still suffering from a "slight hysterical madness"), but because he had decided to throw in the towel and transfer her to the Bellevue Sanatorium.
What happened to Krafft Ebing?
Unconvinced of the authenticity of the patient's symptoms (she claimed to ignore his presence), Krafft-Ebing blew into her face the smoke of a piece of paper that he had ignited. This caused an explosion of anger on the part of Bertha who began to beat Breuer violently.
What did Bertha Pappenheim learn?
The Pappenheims were strictly Orthodox and Bertha received the traditional education of a höhere Tochter (girl of the upper middle class waiting to be sent on the " marriage market"): religious education (the study of Hebrew and biblical texts), foreign languages (English, French, Italian), needlepoint, piano, horseback riding.
Was Bertha Pappenheim impressed by Feminism?
Bertha Pappenheim was not impressed (little, moreover, appears to have been likely to impress her). In her view, defending the rights of Jewish women amounted to defending Judaism as such by bringing these alienated women back into the fold of the community. Feminism, ironically, was a weapon against assimilation.
Was Bertha Pappenheim a Jewish woman?
In this, Bertha Pappenheim was in her role as a prominent member of the Jewish community. Contrary to what Breuer wrote, rather oddly, in his correspondence with his colleague Robert Binswanger, Bertha had never ceased to be very sincerely pious and she clearly conceived her social work as a mitzvah, a good deed.
Did Bertha Pappenheim recover from her hallucinations?
Thus, five years after the end of Breuer's treatment and multiple stays in clinic, Bertha Pappenheim had still not recovered.
When did Bertha take flight?
So Bertha took flight, first in a fantasy world she called her "private theater" and then in illness. The first symptoms appeared in the fall of 1880, at a time when Bertha looked after her father who had fallen ill with a pleurisy that was to prove fatal.
How did Dr. Breuer treat Anna?
As described by Dr Breuer, his treatment of Anna gradually developed through three stages, as he responded to Anna's own apparent wishes. In the first stage, he recognized that she could relieve her distress by making up and telling fairy tales, ‘always sad and some of them very charming’—and he encouraged her to do so. She herself called this activity ‘chimney sweeping’ or her ‘talking cure’ (the origin of this famous term for all later forms of psychotherapy and counselling). In the second stage, Breuer was able to hypnotize Anna every morning, sometimes by holding up an orange, in order to help her to remember some of the painful emotions she had gone through when her father was dying. Each evening Breuer would return and Anna would recount, with vivid emotion, the exact events from precisely one year previously. In the final stage, Anna began to add to these accounts a description of the various occurrences that had evidently triggered each of her hysterical symptoms during the previous year. As she did so, the relevant symptom itself would disappear. For example, on recalling her disgust at seeing a dog drink from a lady companion's glass of water a year before, she was suddenly able to drink once more, having for some time been able to quench her thirst only by eating fruit such as melons.
What did Breuer do?
What Breuer did was in fact utterly original in relation to any form of mental distress: he listened not only in order to establish a diagnosis, but also to effect a treatment . Freud, for all his reservations about the case, realised how radical this was, and drew on it for the basis of his own talking cure.
What did Anna fall prey to?
In spite of these attributes, Breuer reported, Anna fell prey, during her father's final illness and in the months after his death, to the most appalling symptoms of hysterical paralysis and anaesthesia in three out of her four limbs, together with a succession of other distressing psychiatric symptoms.
Who wrote the case history of Anna O?
Thus begins one of the most famous of all case histories. 1 Its author was Dr Josef Breuer. A kind, cultivated and generous man, Breuer was one of the most distinguished physicians of his time, and he counted the great surgeon Theodor Billroth ...
Who was the scientist who published Anna's illness?
For some years he engaged a young man named Sigmund Freud to work in his laboratory at the university of Vienna, and it was Freud who eventually managed to persuade him to publish the details of Anna's illness and treatment.
Was Anna O a cure?
We know that Anna was admitted to a sanatorium shortly after her apparent ‘cure ’, still in a very disturbed state —although in later life she became a distinguished social worker and a noted campaigner for women's rights (under her real name of Bertha Pappenheim). Freud himself was the first to criticize Breuer for his naïveté, in particular for ignoring Anna's fairly obvious sexual feelings towards her physician. Breuer himself, if not actually infatuated with Anna, certainly seems to have been drawn into a kind of ‘folie à deux’, accepting her behaviour and her self-prescribed cures at face value, and discounting the effect of his own intense interest on her performance. It has also been suggested that Anna's theatrics drew heavily on the contemporary craze in Vienna for stage hypnotism. 2 For many modern readers, it may be quite hard to avoid the impression of an annoying young woman running rings around a rather suggestible doctor.
What did Breuer call Anna O's treatment?
She called this process "chimney sweeping.". Breuer, who was fascinated with Anna O's treatment, was thought to have ignored his wife and thereby provoked her jealousy. Chagrined, he terminated Anna O's treatment. Shortly afterward, he was called back to find her in the throes of a hysterical childbirth.
How did Freud reprove Anna O's vanity?
Freud reproved her vanity in supposing that other women would fall in love with her husband; for that to happen, he would have had to be Breuer. Only later did Freud come to see Anna O's reaction as the rule, rather than the exception. It was not easy for Freud to arrive at insight into the erotic transference.
What was Freud's understanding of the phenomenon of transference love?
Ultimately, Freud's understanding of the phenomenon of transference love deepened in response to his growing knowledge of other such transferences. He was privy to several instances of enacted patient-doctor affairs. For example, at a time when Carl Jung was still a disciple of Freud, Jung fell in love and began a relationship with one of his patients, Sabina Spielrein. This was well-known to Freud because Spielrein fled Jung to go into treatment with Freud.
Who was the patient who married the therapist?
One of the more famous cases in which a patient married the therapist took place between the analyst Frieda Fromm Reichmann, M.D., and her patient Erich Fromm, Ph .D., both of whom were towering figures in psychoanalysis.
Who did Carl Jung love?
For example, at a time when Carl Jung was still a disciple of Freud, Jung fell in love and began a relationship with one of his patients, Sabina Spielrein. This was well-known to Freud because Spielrein fled Jung to go into treatment with Freud.
Do patients fall in love with their therapists?
While some people take it for granted that patients fall in love with their therapists, the fact that patients do so with some regularity is astonishing. Of course, therapists call these feelings transference, but the patient often experiences them as genuine feelings of love and longing. Furthermore, therapists besotted with love for a patient often think their own reactions are far more than mere countertransference.
Who was Freud's wife?
Freud reported these events in a letter to his wife, Martha. In The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1953-1957, Basic Books) Ernest Jones, M.D., noted that Martha identified with Breuer's wife and hoped the same thing would not happen to her.
Influence
Early life and family
- Anna O (Breuer and Freuds pseudonym for Bertha Pappenheim), was born on 27th February, 1859 in Vienna, Austria to Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim. Her family adhered to Orthodox Judaism and were relatively privileged. Anna had a younger brother, Wilhelm Pappenheim, and two older sisters. In 1867, when she was just 8 years old, her sister, Henriette, died from tuberculosis.
Early life
- The age and society within which Anna grew up limited womens opportunities and she left school to take up leisurely activities such as sewing, rather continuing her education.
Death
- In 1880, Annas father contracted tuberculosis and Anna devoted herself to caring for him whilst he was limited to his bed. Unfortunately, her fathers illness was fatal and he died in April of the following year. However, it was whilst he had been ill that his daughter also fell ill, albeit with different symptoms. Anna began to consult Josef Breuer for the symptoms relating to her illness.
Themes
- Freud noted that, prior to her illness, Anna had lived a healthy life and was intelligent, with an active imagination, regularly daydream as she undertook household chores. Her devotion to caring for her sick father began to take its toll on her, however, until a point where Anna was prevented from seeing him.
Symptoms
- The symptoms exhibited by Anna herself were wide ranging, from a cough to behavior-related symptoms including sleep walking: Eventually Anna was diagnosed with hysteria, and spent much of the daytime in a state of anxiety experiencing hallucinations such as those of skeletons and black snakes, possibly resulting from seeing her own hair. During the day she would also awake …
Effects
- After sunset, Anna entered a state of deep hypnosis. Freud noted that, if she was able to describe the hallucinations of the day in her trance-like state in the evening, she would be able to awake normally and spend the rest of the evening more at ease.
Treatment
- Noticing the benefit that the release of anxious thoughts had on Anna, Breuer began treatment with what would eventually be described as talking therapy (referred to Anna as chimney sweeping) - engaging in conversations with his patient on a daily basis, talking to her about her problems in search of a psychological basis for the hysteria.
Cultural references
- During her meetings with her therapist, Anna also recalled an occasion when she was younger and had a glass of water. She recalled seeing her nannys dog, whom she did not like, approach the glass and take a drink from it, causing her to be repulsed at the thought of sharing her glass with the dog. Breuer attributed this traumatic experience to her inability to drink water - Anna ha…
Legacy
- The illness of Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O) formed a case history which was to greatly influence the ideas of Breuer and his colleague, Sigmund Freud, in particular his psychodynamic approach.
Impact
- Anna's treatment led both to emphasise the impact of previous traumas and subconscious ideas on the conscious mind, and gave rise to the use of talking therapy, along with hypnosis and regression, to identify the possible causes of mental illnesses.
Later life
- Later in her life, Anna became a prominent figure in the feminist movement in Austria and Germany, which she believed passionately in following her restrictive upbringing. She founded the League for Jewish Women in 1904 and was an active supporter of the the cause until she died in 1936.