what was the treatment of lesbians in the 15th century

How were lesbians accepted in the 19th century?

In the 19th century, lesbians were only accepted if they hid their sexual orientation and were presumed to be merely friends with their partners.

Who are some famous lesbian artists from the 19th century?

Some American lesbians in the arts moved in the 19th century from the United States to Rome, including the actress Charlotte Cushman, and sculptors Emma Stubbins and Harriet Hosmer.

What was the earliest legal punishment for lesbianism in France?

The Old French legal treatise Li livres de jostice et de plet (c. 1260) is the earliest reference to legal punishment for lesbianism akin to that for male homosexuality. It prescribed dismemberment on the first two offences and death by burning for the third: a near exact parallel to the penalty for a man,...

What happened to lesbians in the 1990s?

In the 1990s lesbians also became more visible in politics. In 1990, Dale McCormick became the first open lesbian elected to a state Senate (she was elected to the Maine Senate). In 1991, Sherry Harris was elected to the City Council in Seattle, Washington, making her the first openly lesbian African-American elected official.

Were there lesbians in medieval times?

There exist records of about a dozen women in the medieval period who were involved in lesbian sex, as defined by Judith Bennett as same-sex genital contact. All of these women are known through their involvement with the courts, and were imprisoned or executed.

What acts were considered sodomy in the Middle Ages?

Homosexual acts existed and even though the meaning of the word sodomy has been much discussed for the Middle Ages, and it could be applied to acts such as anal intercourse between married people, in the majority of cases it refers to various sexual acts between men [9].

How was homosexuality viewed in the 18th century?

The notable thing about homosexuality in the 18th century was the fact that it shifted from an action to an identity. The act of sodomy, on which homosexuality was predicated, changed from something one did, to something one was – i.e., a 'sodomite'.

When was the concept of homosexuality invented?

The term 'homosexuality' was coined in the late 19th century by an Austrian-born Hungarian psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert.

How were lesbians treated in medieval times?

According to his canons, Theodore sees lesbian activities as a minor sin, as fornication is considered, rather than a more serious sexual sin like adultery. Unmarried women and girls were judged less severely because they had a single status and did not have another form of sexual release.

Is 14th century medieval?

The Middle Ages was the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors).

When did homosexuality become legal in Scotland?

1980In 1967 the Sexual Offences Act was passed which decriminalised private homosexual acts between men aged over 21, while at the same time imposing heavier penalties on street offences. The law was not changed for Scotland until 1980, or for Northern Ireland until 1982.

What is a sapphic person?

Sapphic: Someone who identifies as female who is attracted to people who predominantly identify as female. Sexism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.

Who wrote the study of women in the Middle Ages?

By Catherine Tideswell. There are countless practical issues surrounding the study of women and their sexuality during the Middle Ages. An unfortunate fact is that the majority of contemporary sources available from this period were written, compiled or transcribed by men. [1] . It can, as such, be incredibly difficult to detect ...

Where was Katherina Hetzeldorfer's trial?

One trial in 1477, in the imperial city of Speyer, was that of Katherina Hetzeldorfer’s. [19] . It is a very interesting case through which to study the recognition of female same sex relations in this period. Her trial, as historians have noted, “is given no name in the proceedings”. [20] .

What does the penitential mean in sexual relations?

It is interesting that the penitential stipulates a “married man” having sex with “a married woman” rather than the reverse. This might be seen to highlight the perception of woman as passive in sexual relations and suggests why any deviance from this type of female behaviour was considered abnormal.

Does Karras observe that neither couple is in bed?

Karras observes neither couple is in bed, however, she did not note the fabric like aura surrounding both couples and that in the background which appears to be being held up by devil like characters. It emphasizes the couples as being separate from each other and might suggest a need for privacy. [35] .

Is sodomy scholarly?

It is, arguably, not entirely scholarly and is rather counterproductive. [3] . With for instance, “sodomy” being such a complex term during the Middle Ages, it is dangerous to make any assumptions about labelled sexual identities, or to be candid in the use of modern terminologies. [4] .

Did the Constituto Criminalis Carolina prevent the prosecution of women?

Until the Constituto Criminalis Carolina there does not appear to be any secular European legislation acknowledging or forbidding female same sex relations, this did not prevent the prosecution of several women. [18] . One trial in 1477, in the imperial city of Speyer, was that of Katherina Hetzeldorfer’s. [19] .

When did the LGBT movement start?

The modern LGBT civil rights movement began in 1969 with the Stonewall Riots, when police raided a gay bar called the Stonewall Inn. A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times.

What is lesbian feminism?

Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective, most influential in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe), that encourages women to direct their energies toward other women rather than men, and often advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism.

When did same sex marriage become legal in Connecticut?

Same-sex marriage was legalized in Connecticut in 2008, and state Rep. Beth Bye and her girlfriend Tracey Wilson became the first same-sex couple to marry in Connecticut. That same year, at the request of a same-sex female couple (Kitzen and Jeni Branting), the Coquille Indian Tribe on the southern Oregon coast adopted a law recognizing same-sex marriage. Tribal law specialists said the Coquille may be the first tribe to sanction such marriages. In 2009 Kitzen and Jeni Branting married in the Coquille Indian tribe's Coos Bay plankhouse, a 3-year-old meeting hall built in traditional Coquille style with cedar plank walls. They were the first same-sex couple to have their marriage recognized by the tribe, of which Kitzen was a member.

When did same sex marriages start in California?

Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became the first same-sex couple to be legally married in the United States in 2004, when San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom allowed city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, all same-sex marriages done in 2004 in California were annulled. After the California Supreme Court decision in 2008 that granted same-sex couples in California the right to marry, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon remarried, and were again the first same-sex couple in the state to marry. Later in 2008 Proposition 8 illegalized same-sex marriage in California until 2013 (see below), but the marriages that occurred between the California Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage and the approval of Proposition 8 illegalizing it are still considered valid, including the marriage of Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. However, Del Martin died in 2008.

When did Raymond send the chapter to Olivia?

In 1976 , prior to publication, Raymond sent a draft of the chapter addressing Stone to the Olivia collective "for comment", possibly with the intention of outing Stone. However, Stone had informed the collective of her transgender status before joining.

Who are the daughters of bilitis?

The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four female couples (including Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.

Who were the women who married in Boston?

Notable women in Boston marriages included Sarah Jewett and Annie Adams Fields, as well as Jane Addams and Mary Rozet Smith. Some American lesbians in the arts moved in the 19th century from the United States to Rome, including the actress Charlotte Cushman, and sculptors Emma Stubbins and Harriet Hosmer.

What were the most famous lesbian associations?

Lesbians founded social clubs and associations to foster networks and connections. The most famous lesbian associations were the Violetta and Monbijou women’s clubs (Damenklub Violetta and Damenklub Monbijou) in Berlin.

What was the Nazi regime doing to the lesbian community?

Nonetheless, beginning in 1933, the Nazi regime harassed and destroyed lesbian communities and networks that had developed during the Weimar Republic (1918–1933). This created a climate of restriction and fear for many lesbians.

Why were lesbians in the camps so dangerous?

In postwar memoirs and testimonies, some camp survivors described lesbians in the camps as a threat to the safety and well-being of other prisoners.

What were the main factors that shaped lesbians during the Nazi era?

Rather, other factors shaped lesbians’ lives during the Nazi era. Among them were supposed “racial” identity, political attitudes, social class, and gender norms. Based on these factors as well as others, some lesbians (especially those who were working class) were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps.

What was the law that criminalized homosexuality in Germany?

Before, during, and after the Nazi regime, men accused of homosexuality were prosecuted under Paragraph 175 of the German criminal code. This statute criminalized sexual relations between men. It did not apply to sexual relations between women.

Why did the Nazis treat women differently than men?

2. The Nazi regime treated sexual relations between women differently than sexual relations between men. This was because of how the Nazis understood the role of women in society. 3.

Which party educated the public about sexuality?

the more radical Communist Party (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) the pacifist German League for Human Rights (Deutsche Liga für Menschenrechte) the centrist German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei) Hirschfeld and others also sought to educate the public about sexuality.

When did gay liberation start?

The turning point for gay liberation came on June 28, 1969, when patrons of the popular Stonewall Inn in New York’s Greenwich Village fought back against ongoing police raids of their neighborhood bar.

Why did women disguise themselves as men?

Women “disguised” themselves as men, sometimes for extended periods of years, in order to fight in the military (Deborah Sampson), to work as pirates (Mary Read and Anne Bonney), attend medical school, etc.

What did white, male and western activists gain leverage against?

White, male and Western activists whose groups and theories gained leverage against homophobia did not necessarily represent the range of racial, class and national identities complicating a broader LGBT agenda. Women were often left out altogether.

When did Ellen DeGeneres come out?

During in the last decade of the 20th century, millions of Americans watched as actress Ellen DeGeneres came out on national television in April 1997, heralding a new era of gay celebrity power and media visibility—although not without risks.

Why do women pass as males?

Women and girls, economically oppressed by the sexism which kept them from jobs and economic/education opportunities designated for men only, might pass as male in order to gain access to coveted experiences or income. This was a choice made by many women who were not necessarily transgender in identity.

What were the Nazis doing to the Rhineland children?

One of the most extreme actions taken against black Germans by the Nazi authorities was the mass sterilisation of the Rhineland Children in 1937. The Rhineland Children were 600-800 children who were the offspring of German women and black French soldiers who had occupied the Rhineland following Germany’s defeat in the First World War. The children were seen by the Nazis as a particular biological threat to the German ‘Aryan’ race due to their mixed heritage. In order to prevent the children having children of their own, 385 children were secretly sterilised, shortly before most of them reached adulthood.

What happened to Jews in 1938?

On the 17 August 1938, all Jews who had ‘non-Jewish’ first names were forced to adopt the middle name Sara or Israel. Just two months later, on the 5 October 1938, a law was passed that decreed that all Jews had to have the letter ‘J’ stamped on their passport. These measures were just a small part of the Nazi campaign to complete isolate and exclude the Jewish population. The passport of Dr. Malvine Sara Rhoden, photographed here, shows both of these additions. Dr. Rhoden emigrated to the UK just a few months after this law.

Did Alfred Hess have schizophrenia?

Alfred Hess had schizophrenia .The Nazis regarded people diagnosed with schizophrenia as genetically inferior. In 1939, Alfred’s parents, Saloman and Frieda Hess, emigrated to South Africa, but were unable to take Alfred with them. They entrusted him to a guardian and continued to pay for his hospital fees. Alfred was deported to an unknown location by the Nazis in 1942 and killed.The note in this image was sent to his guardian on the 19 June 1942, ‘We hereby notify you that your Alfred Israel Hess migrated from this hospital on the 14 of this month’. No reason or explanation was offered.

How long did the Lesbian Leadership Team last?

This lesbian leadership team lasted for only a year. But while it operated, these leaders made the suffrage movement more diverse and inclusive. This is an updated version of an article originally published on January 24, 2020. [ Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation’s newsletter.

What did Elizabeth Warren do to help women?

Thus, at the same time that she promoted equal voting rights, she also championed financial support for single mothers and maximum hour and minimum wage legislation for women workers.

What did Breckinridge do to support women's suffrage?

He also published numerous editorials and articles in support of woman suffrage. Breckinridge advocated inviting Du Bois to speak at the suffrage organization’s 1912 meeting. His participation signaled NAWSA’s growing commitment to racial equality.

What did the opponents of women's suffrage use to discredit the movement?

Opponents of woman suffrage used images of suffragists as unattractive man-haters to discredit the movement. To counter such stereotypes, suffrage leaders promoted a public image of conventional femininity. Shaw, who previously sported short hair, grew her hair long and wore it in a conservative chignon.

What did women's rights pioneers argue about?

To gain support, they argued that female voters would engage in “social housekeeping” and “clean up” corrupt politics. Some suffragists, including women’s rights pioneer Elizabeth Cady Stanton, also increasingly emphasized racial, class and ethnic differences.

Who were the women who took control of the suffrage movement?

republish_panel.button_text. In 1911, a team of three women with “lesbian-like” relationships – Jane Addams, Sophonisba Breckinridge and Anna Howard Shaw – took control of the suffrage movement, leading the nation’s largest feminist organization.

Who were the women who emphasized women's roles as wives and mothers?

Suffrage leaders also emphasized women’s roles as wives and mothers. Addams and Breckinridge were founding members of the Woman’s City Club of Chicago, which produced a popular pro-suffrage graphic that illustrated the connections between domestic life and local government. NAWSA adopted the image as its own, featuring it on suffrage posters.

Dominant Representations of Lesbians

The broader cultural archetypes that represent lesbians today did not just appear out of mid air.

Lesbians and the Female Athlete

Women’s participation in sport was an outgrowth of late Victorian feminism and challenges to traditional femininity, movement of towards alternative gender performances.

Fictional Representations of Lesbianism

Beginning at least with the American release of The Well of Loneliness in 1929, fiction was another site where lesbians struggled for space within traditional feminine gender roles.

Lesbians and Performance

Lesbian’s techniques of carving out narrative, social, or political space through gay male representation has not been confined to the printed page – as Esther Newton shows in her study of how Cherry Grove’s “lesbians have (and have not) been able to use drag and camp in a dense site of gay and lesbian cultural production." [11] Newton argues that, given the historical dominance of gay men as representatives of and representations within Cherry Grove, lesbian appropriations of gay male drag provided a politicized tool in the struggle to create cultural space for lesbians.

Lesbian Families

The construction of lesbian cultural spaces does not occur only within public sites of artistic production, such as music festivals and performing theatre groups. Often, spaces of community are established within an individual networking of friends and family and at times in places of employment.

Lesbians in the Workplace

It is important also to note the types of community building and social spaces that are created within the workplace for lesbians.

Negotiating Cultural Identities

As seen earlier, lesbian identities are formed in constant negotiation with both dominant culture—sports, Hollywood films, and literary conventions—as well as with other minority groups—the gay men on Cherry Grove, transgendered women and S&M activists in the women’s music festivals.

Introduction

Before The Nazis: Lesbians in The Weimar Republic

The Nazi Crackdown on Homosexuality

Lesbians and Nazi Procreation Policies

• The Nazi regime never criminalized sexual relations between women.2 They considered doing so as part of their efforts to crackdown on homosexuality. However, they did not do so because the regime viewed lesbians differently than gay men. Why was this the case? The Nazi regime saw lesbians, first and foremost, as women. The Nazis believed that Germa...

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Lesbian Responses to The Nazi Regime

Arrest and Detention of Lesbians in Concentration Camps

Sexual Relations Between Women in Concentration Camps

Documenting Lesbian Experiences Under The Nazis