Streptomycin is the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is derived from Streptomyces griseus and is the earliest modern agent used against tuberculosis.
What is the role of aminoglycosides in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB)?
Aminoglycosides were identified through systematic screening of soil Actinobacteria that started in the 1940s. The first aminoglycoside streptomycin was discovered from Streptomyces griseus and successfully used for the treatment of tuberculosis and then infections with gram-negative bacteria. A typical aminoglycoside possesses an amino-containing or non-amino-containing …
What bacteria are aminoglycosides used to treat?
Audiological management of these patients should therefore be an essential part of their therapeutic treatment plan. This study shows that aminoglycoside therapy for tuberculosis may contribute to hearing impairment among tuberculosis patients in Ghana. Audiological management of these patients should therefore be an essential part of their ...
Is streptomycin an aminoglycoside?
Plazomicin, a novel aminoglycoside in clinical development that was designed to evade AME-based resistance, had MICs that ranged from 0.25 to 1 µg/mL against this set of isolates.
How do Aminoglycosides work in chemotherapy?
To identify the most active aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone for the treatment of tuberculosis, the in vivo activities of four different aminoglycosides and three different fluoroquinolones were compared with that of isoniazid (INH) in a murine tuberculosis model. …
What was the first antibiotic to treat tuberculosis?
The first line of inquiry was the development of antibiotics from the first antibiotic (penicillin) to the first antibiotic successfully used to treat tuberculosis (streptomycin) (7, 8).Mar 14, 2017
When was the first drug for the treatment of TB discovered?
Antibiotics were a major breakthrough in TB treatment. In 1943, Selman Waksman, Elizabeth Bugie, and Albert Schatz developed streptomycin. Waksman later received the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for this discovery.
How was TB treated in the 1950s?
During the 1950s new anti-TB drugs were discovered; PAS, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin.
How was TB treated in the 1920s?
Artificial pneumothorax and thoracoplasty for 'collapse therapy' In the 1920s and 1930s, following trends in Germany and America, collapse therapy was a popular method of treating pulmonary tuberculosis in Britain. The intention was to collapse the infected lung, allowing it to rest and heal.
What is an aminoglycoside?
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside ( sugar ).
What are the side effects of aminoglycoside?
Another serious and disabling side effect of aminoglycoside use is vestibular ototoxicity. This leads to oscillopsia (gaze instability) and balance impairments that impact all aspects of an individual's antigravity function. This loss is permanent and can happen at any dose.
What is gentamicin used for?
The aminoglycoside gentamicin has been used to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) cells in the laboratory to induce them to grow full-length proteins. CF is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) protein.
Do aminoglycosides work against Gram negative bacteria?
Current evidence shows that aminoglycosides do retain activity against the majority of Gram-negative clinical bacterial isolates in many parts of the world. Still, the relatively frequent occurrence of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity during aminoglycoside treatment makes physicians reluctant to use these compounds in everyday practice. Recent advances in the understanding of the effect of various dosage schedules of aminoglycosides on toxicity have provided a partial solution to this problem, although more research still needs to be done in order to overcome this problem entirely.
Can aminoglycoside cause hearing loss?
Aminoglycoside can cause inner ear toxicity which can result in sensorineural hearing loss. The incidence of inner ear toxicity varies from 7 to 90%, depending on the types of antibiotics used, susceptibility of the patient to such antibiotics, and the duration of antibiotic administration.
Why is TDM important?
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to obtain the correct dose. These agents exhibit a post-antibiotic effect in which there is no or very little drug level detectable in blood, but there still seems to be inhibition of bacterial re-growth.
Can tobramycin be administered intramuscularly?
Oral administration can be used for gut decontamination (e.g., in hepatic encephalopathy). Tobramycin may be administered in a nebulized form.
When was TB first identified?
A Brief History of TB. The TB bacterium was identified in the late 1800's, and shortly after a TB test was created. However, it was not until the late 1940s that an effective antibiotic for treatment of TB was available. To scroll the timeline, click the bottom arrows or click and drag the timeline area. Click each event for more details.
When did TB become resistant to antibiotics?
Tuberculosis has existed for many centuries, but it was not until 1944 effective effective antibiotic therapy (streptomycin) became available. In 1950, scientist Renee Dubos predicted that that bacteria would eventually develop resistance to antibiotics through random mutations and natural selection. Before long, it was found that some TB patients ...
What is XDR TB?
In subsequent years, when strains with resistance to an even greater number of antibiotics were discovered, the term "extensively drug resistant TB" (XDR-TB) was coined.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
Horizontal Gene Transfer. A bacterium that has acquired resistance to one or more antibiotics will transfer these traits to its offspring; this is referred to as vertical gene transfer (vertical evolution) which occurs when bacteria divide giving rise to two daughter cells by fission.
What are the mechanisms of resistance?
Mechanisms of Resistance. Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have undergone a number of mutations that enable them to "resist" treatment with a number of antibiotics. The activity below lists a number of anti-TB drugs and the mechanism by which one or more strains of TB have become resistant.
Overview
Mechanisms of action
Aminoglycosides display concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against "most gram-negative aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacilli" but not against gram-negative anaerobes and most gram-positive bacteria. They require only short contact time, and are most effective against susceptible bacterial populations that are rapidly multiplying. These activities are attributed to a pri…
Routes of administration
Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are administered intravenously and intramuscularly. Some are used in topical preparations for wounds. Oral administration can be used for gut decontamination (e.g., in hepatic encephalopathy). Tobramycin may be administered in a nebulized form.
Clinical use
The recent emergence of infections due to Gram-negative bacterial strains with advanced patterns of antimicrobial resistancehas prompted physicians to reevaluate the use of these antibacterial agents. This revived interest in the use of aminoglycosides has brought back to light the debate on the two major issues related to these compounds, namely the spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility and toxicity. Current evidence shows that aminoglycosides do retain …
Adverse effects
Aminoglycosides can cause inner ear toxicity which can result in sensorineural hearing loss. The incidence of inner ear toxicity varies from 7 to 90%, depending on the types of antibiotics used, susceptibility of the patient to such antibiotics, and the duration of antibiotic administration.
Another serious and disabling side effect of aminoglycoside use is vestibular ototoxicity. This leads to oscillopsia(gaze instability) and balance impairments that impact all aspects of an indivi…
Contraindication for specific diseases
Aminoglycosides can exacerbate weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis, and use is therefore avoided in these patients.
Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in patients with mitochondrial diseases as they may result in impaired mtDNA translation, which can lead to irreversible hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiac toxicity, and renal toxicity. However, hearing loss and tinnitus have also been observed in some …
External links
• MedlinePlus drug information - Aminoglycosides (Systemic)
• Science Daily Bacterial 'Battle for Survival' - Rhodostreptomycin