What did Freud say about psychoanalytic therapy?
The psychoses, Freud sadly concluded, are based on the redirection of libido back onto the patient’s ego and cannot therefore be relieved by transference in the analytic situation. How successful psychoanalytic therapy has been in the treatment of psychoneuroses remains, however, a matter of considerable dispute.
What is the difference between a therapeutic approach and Freudian approach?
A therapeutic approach focused on creating a supportive environment for self-discovery. Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts. Treatment applying psychoanalytic principles in a briefer, more individualized format.
What are the driving forces of Freudian theory?
Personality Driving Forces. According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, all psychic energy is generated by the libido. Freud suggested that our mental states were influenced by two competing forces: cathexis and anticathexis.
Who are the authors of the study of therapeutic orientation?
Hannah Boettcher; Stefan G. Hofmann; Q. Jade Wu; Alexis Bridley & Lee W. Daffin Jr.; Carrie Cuttler; and Jorden A. Cummings Describe the similarities and differences between theoretical orientations and therapeutic orientations
What was the treatment method used by Freud?
Psychoanalysis, also known as “talk therapy,” is a type of treatment based on the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is frequently called the “father of psychoanalysis.” Freud developed this treatment modality for patients who did not respond to the psychological or medical treatments available during his time.
What is Freud's psychoanalysis therapy?
Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological theories and methods of therapy founded by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. Psychoanalysis therapy is used to release repressed emotions and experiences.
What is the psychodynamic orientation?
Psychodynamic theory states that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. Events that occur in childhood can remain in the unconscious, and cause problems as adults.
What is Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory?
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they behave a certain way.
What is psychodynamic therapy used to treat?
WASHINGTON—Psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective for a wide range of mental health symptoms, including depression, anxiety, panic and stress-related physical ailments, and the benefits of the therapy grow after treatment has ended, according to new research published by the American Psychological Association.
When did Freud develop the psychodynamic approach?
Origins. Between the late 1890s and the 1930s, Sigmund Freud developed a variety of psychological theories based on his experiences with patients during therapy. He called his approach to therapy psychoanalysis and his ideas became popularized through his books, such as The Interpretation of Dreams.
What Is Freud Known For?
Freud is known for his wide-ranging theories on matters such as the unconscious , dreams , infantile sexuality , libido, repression , and tran...
How did Freud describe the unconscious?
The unconscious part of the mind was described as a well of powerful thoughts and feelings that people are not directly aware of but which have an...
What are the id, ego, and superego?
Freud created a model of the mind featuring three parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id was the seat of primitive drives, including sexual and a...
What are defense mechanisms?
Defense mechanisms were described by Freud as ways in which the mind adapts to internal conflicts. Examples include repression, or barring uncomfo...
What is Freudian dream theory?
Freud argued that dreams were an important window into the unconscious mind and could be understood as the mind’s way of satisfying desires that co...
What is a “Freudian slip”?
A "Freudian slip" is an instance of misspeaking—"we've had a few sexbacks," or "nice to beat you"—that supposedly reveals hidden thoughts or motive...
Is the Oedipus complex real?
Freud proposed that boys have sexual feelings for their mother and desire to eliminate their father. (Oedipus is a mythical figure who kills his fa...
Is penis envy real?
Penis envy , involving a supposed sense of inadequacy in girls due to their lack of male genitalia, was, like the Oedipus complex, one of Freud’s...
What are Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Freud theorized that during development, people passed through five psychosexual stages : oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. They were lar...
What was Freud's approach to therapy?
As psychology and psychotherapy evolved, the approach to therapy that Freud created slipped from prominence. Major ideas of his, such as his conceptualization of the unconscious, have been discounted by scientists as difficult or impossible to test empirically.
What is Freud's work?
Created with Sketch. Freud’s concepts persist in the popular imagination and his work forms an important part of the history of psychology. Though many of his ideas have been reevaluated or rejected, others provided a basis for further psychological theory and modes of treatment.
How did Freud train psychoanalysts?
Having conducted his own self-analysis, Freud trained new psychoanalysts in part by analyzing them. Subsequently, psychoanalysts-in-training were analyzed by someone who had themselves been analyzed, in a chain leading back to Freud. This has been called a “training analysis.”.
What did Freud think of dreams?
Freud argued that dreams were an important window into the unconscious mind and could be understood as the mind’s way of satisfying desires that could not be satisfied in waking life. Elements of reality could be represented by a variety of dream symbols.
What is Freud's theory of the unconscious?
Freud is known for his wide-ranging theories on matters such as the unconscious, dreams, infantile sexuality, libido, repression, and transference —all of which continue to influence the field of psychology to varying degrees. Trained as a neurologist, Freud conceived of the mind as the desire-centered id, the morally driven superego, ...
What is a Freudian slip?
A "Freudian slip" is an instance of misspeaking—"we've had a few sexbacks," or "nice to beat you"—that supposedly reveals hidden thoughts or motives. Freud described such slips in his 1901 book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
Which of these modalities draws most heavily on Freudian principles?
Today, psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches to therapy are the modalities that draw most heavily on Freudian principles. Freud also developed influential theories about subjects such as the unconscious mind, the sources of psychopathology, the significance of dreams.
What did Freud think of mental health?
Later, Freud suggested more generally that psychiatric problems are the result of tension between different parts of the mind: the id, the superego, and the ego.
Why is psychoanalysis no longer the dominant therapeutic approach?
Psychoanalytic theory is no longer the dominant therapeutic approach, because it lacks empirical support. Yet many consumers continue to seek psychoanalytic or psychodynamic treatments. Do you think psychoanalysis still has a place in mental health treatment? If so, why?
Why are psychiatric drugs used?
Up until this point, all the therapies we have discussed have been talk-based or meditative practices. However, psychiatric medications are also frequently used to treat mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric drugs are commonly used, in part, because they can be prescribed by general medical practitioners, whereas only trained psychologists are qualified to deliver effective psychotherapy. While drugs and CBT therapies tend to be almost equally effective, choosing the best intervention depends on the disorder and individual being treated, as well as other factors—such as treatment availability and comorbidity (i.e., having multiple mental or physical disorders at once). Although many new drugs have been introduced in recent decades, there is still much we do not understand about their mechanism in the brain. Further research is needed to refine our understanding of both pharmacological and behavioral treatments before we can make firm claims about their effectiveness.
What is the ego in psychoanalysis?
The ego—also partly conscious—mediates between the id and superego. Freud believed that bringing unconscious struggles like these (where the id demands one thing and the superego another) into conscious awareness would relieve the stress of the conflict ( Freud, 1920/1955 )—which became the goal of psychoanalytic therapy.
What is the most effective therapy?
Currently, the most effective approach is called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); however, other approaches, such as psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, and mindfulness-based therapies are also used—though the effectiveness of these treatments aren’t as clear as they are for CBT.
How does psychoanalysis help with mental illness?
Psychoanalysis often does this through exploring one’s early childhood experiences that may have continuing repercussions on one’s mental health in the present and later in life.
Why do psychoanalysts discuss dreams?
Because we don’t always have the ability to consciously recall these deep memories, psychoanalysts also discuss their patients’ dreams. In Freudian theory, dreams contain not only manifest (or literal) content, but also latent (or symbolic) content ( Freud, 1900; 1955 ).
What is the purpose of theoretical orientation?
The purpose of a theoretical orientation is to present a framework through which to understand, organize, and predict human behaviour. Theoretical orientations explain, from that orientation’s perspective, why humans act the way they do.
Who developed psychoanalytic theory?
Building on the work of Josef Breuer and others, Sigmund Freud developed psychotherapeutic theories and techniques that became widely known as psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic therapy. [Image: CC0 Public Domain, https://goo.gl/m25gce]
What is behavioral psychology?
Behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior, and any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, they helped to show that people can create their own problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. How so? According to the cognitive model, irrational or dysfunctional thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies that are used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms:
What is the role of a therapist in psychotherapy?
It is the therapist’s job to help discover the latent content underlying one’s manifest content through dream analysis. In psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy, the therapist plays a receptive role—interpreting the patient’s thoughts and behavior based on clinical experience and psychoanalytic theory.
What is the technique used to explore unconscious thoughts?
Psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists employ several techniques to explore patients’ unconscious mind. One common technique is called free association. Here, the patient shares any and all thoughts that come to mind, without attempting to organize or censor them in any way.
What is the earliest form of psychotherapy?
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy. The earliest organized therapy for mental disorders was psychoanalysis. Made famous in the early 20th century by one of the best-known clinicians of all time, Sigmund Freud, this approach sees mental health problems as rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires.
What is the ego in psychoanalysis?
The ego—also partly conscious—mediates between the id and superego. Freud believed that bringing unconscious struggles like these (where the id demands one thing and the superego another) into conscious awareness would relieve the stress of the conflict (Freud, 1920/1955)—which became the goal of psychoanalytic therapy.
What is Freud's approach to emotional disorders?
Specifically, it examines how your experiences (often from childhood) may be contributing to your current experience and actions. Psychoanalytic approaches to emotional disorders have advanced a great deal since Freud's time.
What did Freud think of the unconscious?
Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the surface of conscious awareness. He believed that these unconscious influences could often lead to psychological distress and disturbances.
What are the benefits of psychoanalytic therapy?
Benefits of Psychoanalytic Therapy 1 Focuses on emotions. Where CBT is centered on cognition and behaviors, psychoanalytic therapy explores the full range of emotions that a patient is experiencing. 2 Explores avoidance. People often avoid certain feelings, thoughts, and situations they find distressing. Understanding what a client is avoiding can help both the psychoanalyst and the client understand why such avoidance comes into play. 3 Identifies recurring themes. Some people may be aware of their self-destructive behaviors but unable to stop them. Others may not be aware of these patterns and how they influence their behaviors. 4 Exploration of past experienced. Other therapies often focus more on the here-and-now, or how current thoughts and behaviors influence how a person functions. The psychoanalytic approach helps people explore their pasts and understand how it affects their present psychological difficulties. It can help patients shed the bonds of past experience to live more fully in the present. 5 Explores interpersonal relationships. Through the therapy process, people are able to explore their relationships with others, both current and past. 6 Emphasizes the therapeutic relationship. Because psychoanalytic therapy is so personal, the relationship between the psychoanalyst and the patient provides a unique opportunity to explore and reword relational patterns that emerge in the treatment relationship. 7 Free-flowing. Where other therapies are often highly structured and goal-oriented, psychoanalytic therapy allows the patient to explore freely. Patients are free to talk about fears, fantasies, desires, and dreams.
Why is psychoanalytic therapy so personal?
Because psychoanalytic therapy is so personal, the relationship between the psychoanalyst and the patient provides a unique opportunity to explore and reword relational patterns that emerge in the treatment relationship. Free-flowing.
What is free flowing therapy?
Free-flowing. Where other therapies are often highly structured and goal-oriented, psychoanalytic therapy allows the patient to explore freely. Patients are free to talk about fears, fantasies, desires, and dreams. As with any approach to mental health treatment, psychoanalytic therapy can have its pluses and minuses.
How often do you meet with a psychoanalyst?
People undergoing psychoanalytic therapy often meet with their psychoanalyst at least once a week. They can remain in therapy for months or even years. Psychoanalysts use a variety of techniques to gain insight into your behavior.
What is the most important psychoanalytic technique?
Some of the more popular techniques include: Dream interpretation: According to Freud, dream analysis is by far the most important psychoanalytic technique. He often referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious.". 1 Psychoanalysts may interpret dreams to get insight into the workings of your unconscious mind.
What is Freud's psychoanalytical perspective?
Today, Freud’s psychoanalytical perspective has been expanded upon by the developments of subsequent theories and methodologies: the psychodynamic perspective. This approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people’s internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud’s original model.
What does Freud mean by free association?
In free association, the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment. However, Freud felt that the ego would at times try to block, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. Consequently, a patient would demonstrate resistance to recalling these thoughts or situations.
What is the process of a patient reliving their dreams?
technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles. process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
What is the goal of therapy?
One of the goals of therapy is to help a person stop repeating and reenacting destructive patterns and to start looking for better solutions to difficult situations. This goal is reflected in the following poem:
Who developed psychotherapy?
(credit: Robert Huffstutter) Psychoanalysis. was developed by Sigmund Freud and was the first form of psychotherapy.
What are the two types of therapy?
Two types of therapy are psychotherapy and biomedical therapy. Both types of treatment help people with psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Psychotherapy. is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
What was Freud's therapeutic technique?
Freud’s elaboration of his therapeutic technique during these years focused on the implications of a specific element in the relationship between patient and analyst, an element whose power he first began to recognize in reflecting on Breuer’s work with Anna O.
When did Freud's theories start to attract cosmopolitan supporters?
Although Freud’s theories were offensive to many in the Vienna of his day, they began to attract a cosmopolitan group of supporters in the early 1900s. In 1902 the Psychological Wednesday Circle began to gather in Freud’s waiting room with a number of future luminaries in the psychoanalytic movements in attendance.
What is Freud's sexual drive?
To spell out the formative development of the sexual drive, Freud focused on the progressive replacement of erotogenic zones in the body by others. An originally polymorphous sexuality first seeks gratification orally through sucking at the mother’s breast, an object for which other surrogates can later be provided.
What is Freud's resolution?
According to Freud, this resolution can occur if the boy finally suppresses his sexual desire for the mother, entering a period of so-called latency, and internalizes the reproachful prohibition of the father, making it his own with the construction of that part of the psyche Freud called the superego or the conscience.
Why did Breuer break off his treatment?
Breuer, who recognized the stirrings of reciprocal feelings, broke off his treatment out of an understandable confusion about the ethical implications of acting on these impulses.
What was Freud's father's death?
As has been stated, the death of Freud’s father was the trauma that permitted him to delve into his own psyche. Not only did Freud experience the expected grief, but he also expressed disappointment, resentment, and even hostility toward his father in the dreams he analyzed at the time.
What is the third phase of Freud's life called?
The third phase, lasting from about the fourth to the sixth year, he called the phallic. Because Freud relied on male sexuality as the norm of development, his analysis of this phase aroused considerable opposition, ...
What was Freud's main discussion of female homosexuality?
Female homosexuality. Freud's main discussion of female homosexuality was the paper The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman, which described his analysis of a young woman who had entered therapy because her parents were concerned that she was a lesbian.
What was Freud's most important article?
Freud's most important articles on homosexuality were written between 1905, when he published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality , and 1922, when he published "Certain Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia, and Homosexuality". Freud believed that all humans were bisexual, by which he primarily meant that everyone incorporates aspects ...
What did Sigmund Freud believe about homosexuality?
His views on homosexuality ascribed biological and psychological factors to explain the principal causes of homosexuality. Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born with unfocused sexual ...
Why did Freud think the prognosis was unfavourable?
Her father hoped that psychoanalysis would cure her lesbianism, but in Freud's view, the prognosis was unfavourable because of the circumstances under which the woman entered therapy, and because the homosexuality was not an illness or neurotic conflict.
What did Freud say about Steinach's research?
Freud stated that Steinach's research had "thrown a strong light on the organic determinants of homoeroticism ", but cautioned that it was premature to expect that the operations he performed would make possible a therapy that could be generally applied.
What did Freud say in his letter to his mother?
In 1935, Freud wrote to a mother who had asked him to treat her son's homosexuality, a letter that would later become famous: I gather from your letter that your son is a homosexual. I am most impressed by the fact that you do not mention this term yourself in your information about him.
Who believed that humans are born with unfocused sexual libidinal drives?
Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born with unfocused sexual libidinal drives, and therefore argued that homosexuality might be a deviation from this.
Introduction
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
- The earliest organized therapy for mental disorders was psychoanalysis. Made famous in the early 20th century by one of the best-known clinicians of all time, Sigmund Freud, this approach stresses that mental health problems are rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires. In order to resolve the mental illness, then, these unconscious struggles mu...
Humanistic and Person-Centered Therapy
- One of the next developments in therapy for mental illness, which arrived in the mid-20th century, is called humanistic or person-centered therapy(PCT). Here, the belief is that mental health problems result from an inconsistency between patients’ behavior and their true personal identity. Thus, the goal of PCT is to create conditions under which patients can discover their self-worth, …
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Although both psychoanalysis and PCT are still used today, another therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), has gained more widespread support and practice. CBT refers to a family of therapeutic approaches whose goal is to alleviate psychological symptoms by changing their underlying cognitions and behaviors. The premise of CBT is that thoughts, behaviors, and emoti…
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches
- Unlike the preceding therapies, which were developed in the 20th century, this next one was born out of age-old Buddhist and yoga practices. Mindfulness, or a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state, is a therapy that focuses on one’s awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment. Whereas other therapies work to modify or e…
Emerging Treatment Strategies
- With growth in research and technology, psychologists have been able to develop new treatment strategies in recent years. Often, these approaches focus on enhancing existing treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies, through the use of technological advances. For example, internet- andmobile-delivered therapies make psychological treatments more available, through …
Pharmacological Treatments
- Up until this point, all the therapies we have discussed have been talk-based or meditative practices. However, psychiatric medications are also frequently used to treat mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric drugs are commonly used, in part, because they can be prescribed by general medical practitioners, where…
Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy
- In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that some clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or eclectic psychotherapy. For example, a therapist may employ distress tolerance skills from DBT (to resolve short-term problems), cognitive reappraisal from CBT (to address long-standing issues), and mindfulness-b…
Conclusion
- Throughout human history we have had to deal with mental illness in one form or another. Over time, several schools of thought have emerged for treating these problems. Although various therapies have been shown to work for specific individuals, cognitive behavioral therapy is currently the treatment most widely supported by empirical research. Still, practices like psycho…