Treatment FAQ

what is the treatment for benign positional vertigo

by Sheridan Ward MD Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may go away on its own within a few weeks or months. But, to help relieve BPPV sooner, your doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may treat you with a series of movements known as the canalith repositioning procedure.Aug 18, 2020

Thealternativedaily.com

1. Epley maneuver for vertigo...

2. Gingko biloba...

3. Ginger tea...

4. Coriander seeds, gooseberry powder and raw honey...

5. Almonds and milk...

6. Lemon balm...

7. Vitamin C rich fruits and vegetables...

Learn More...

Medicalnewstoday.com

1. Ginkgo biloba...it works by managing blood flow to the brain to relieve dizziness and balance issues...

2. Ginger tea...may help dizziness, nausea, and other vertigo symptoms...

3. Almonds...are rich sources of vitamins a, b, and e...

4. Epley maneuver...

5. Staying hydrated...

6. Essential oils...

7. Apple cider vinegar and honey...

Learn More...

Homeremedyshop.com

1. A Good Night Sleep...

2. Coriander Seeds...

3. Almonds and Watermelon Seeds...

4. Lemon...

5. Water and Juices...

6. Strawberry...

7. Ginger...

8. Basil...

Learn More...

How to prevent and treat positional vertigo?

Vertigo Treatment: Getting Rid of the Spins

  • Physical therapy to improve balance and inner ear issues. ...
  • Canalith Repositioning —also known as the Epley Maneuver. ...
  • Medication that targets the cause of our symptoms. ...
  • Surgery — an uncommon treatment for special cases. ...
  • Injections — when other treatments haven't worked. ...
  • Psychotherapy can help alleviate the stress of symptoms. ...

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Can BPPV be cured?

Work closely with your doctor to manage your symptoms effectively. BPPV may recur even after successful therapy. Although there's no cure, the condition can be managed with physical therapy and home treatments. Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms common to BPPV.

How to do the Epley maneuver to treat vertigo?

The Semont maneuver is performed as follows:

  • You are seated, and the doctor turns your head so that it is halfway between looking straight ahead and looking away from the side that causes the worst vertigo.
  • The doctor then lowers you quickly to the side that causes the worst vertigo. ...
  • The doctor then quickly moves you to the other side of the table without stopping in the upright position. ...

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How to diagnose BPPV Vertigo?

  • Ask about symptoms of vertigo. ...
  • Examine the person to elicit signs suggestive of a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and exclude other conditions. ...
  • Investigations are not usually required. ...

How to prevent vertigo from getting worse?

How to manage dizziness with BPV?

What causes BPV in the brain?

What is BPV in ear?

How long does BPV last?

How to treat BPV?

What is the most common cause of vertigo?

See more

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How long does it take to recover from benign positional vertigo?

In about half of all people who have BPPV, the symptoms go away after only 1 to 3 months. So treatment isn't always needed. If the dizzy spells don't go away on their own or are very difficult for the person to cope with, repositioning maneuvers can help.

What triggers BPPV attacks?

Summary. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) causes sudden, intense, brief episodes of dizziness or vertigo when you move your head. Common triggers include rolling over in bed, getting out of bed, and lifting your head to look up. BPPV is generally an easily treated disorder.

Is benign positional vertigo curable?

BPPV does often go away on its own over time. But in many cases it does come back. If you are still having symptoms from BPPV, your healthcare provider may tell you how to prevent symptoms.

What is the fastest way to cure BPPV?

0:512:17Vertigo Cure (BPPV) Self Treatment Video - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipPosition. Hold this position until the spinning stops. Now quickly return to the upright kneelingMorePosition. Hold this position until the spinning stops. Now quickly return to the upright kneeling position keeping your head turned. And hold for 30 seconds.

How long does it take for ear crystals to dissolve?

The results demonstrated that normal endolymph can dissolve otoconia very rapidly (in about 20 hours).

Is BPPV caused by stress?

Conclusions: Within the poorly understood mechanisms implicated in the aetiology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the results of this trial provide clinical evidence of a potential role of emotional stress connected to adverse life events as a trigger of otoconial dysfunction.

Should I see a neurologist or ENT for vertigo?

If you experience vertigo for more than a day or you are having regular bouts that are affecting your daily life, you should go and see your ENT to get help alleviating the symptoms and to find out what the cause could be.

How do you reset the crystals in your ear?

Follow these steps if the problem is with your left ear:Start by sitting on a bed.Turn your head 45 degrees to the left.Quickly lie back, keeping your head turned. ... Turn your head 90 degrees to the right, without raising it. ... Turn your head and body another 90 degrees to the right, into the bed.More items...

Why do I keep getting positional vertigo?

BPPV occurs when tiny calcium crystals called otoconia come loose from their normal location on the utricle, a sensory organ in the inner ear. If the crystals become detached, they can flow freely in the fluid-filled spaces of the inner ear, including the semicircular canals (SCC) that sense the rotation of the head.

What is the most common cause of positional vertigo?

Overview. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo — the sudden sensation that you're spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning. BPPV causes brief episodes of mild to intense dizziness. It is usually triggered by specific changes in your head's position.

Which antihistamine is best for vertigo?

Antihistamines like dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and meclizine (Antivert) can be useful treatments for vertigo.

Does shaking your head help vertigo?

The new study has found that a few simple manoeuvres of the head and body can treat vertigo. Instead of telling patients to 'wait it out' or having them take drugs, we can perform a safe and quick treatment that is immediate and effective, said Terry D. Fife of the University of Arizona, who led the study.

Epley Maneuver for Benign Positional Vertigo

Epley Maneuver for Benign Positional Vertigo 1. Lie down on your back, turn head to left for 1 minute 2. Then turn head to right for 1 minute

Self-treatment of benign positional vertigo (right)

1. Wait for 10 minutes after the maneuver is performed before going home. This is to avoid "quick spins," or brief bursts of vertigo as debris repositions itself immediately after the

4 Vertigo Maneuvers: Epley, Semont, Foster, and Brandt-Daroff

The spinning sensation and dizziness you get from vertigo can limit your activities and make you feel sick. WebMD describes some simple maneuvers you can do at home that might bring relief ...

What causes vertigo in the inner ear?

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo BP PV occurs when canalith particles (otoconia) break loose and fall into the wrong part of the semicircular canals of your inner ear, causing vertigo. ...

How long does it take for canalith to go away?

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may go away on its own within a few weeks or months.

What is the procedure to reposition the canalith?

In this procedure, a bone plug is used to block the portion of your inner ear that's causing dizziness. The plug prevents the semicircular canal in your ear from being able to respond to particle movements or head movements in general. The success rate for canal plugging surgery is about 90%.

What is the purpose of ENG?

The purpose of these tests is to detect abnormal eye movement.

What is the test used to diagnose vertigo?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of your head and body. Your doctor can use these images to identify and diagnose a range of conditions. MRI may be performed to rule out other possible causes of vertigo.

Why do people walk with canes?

Walk with a cane for stability if you're at risk of falling.

Where do particles move in the ear?

The goal is to move particles from the fluid-filled semicircular canals of your inner ear into a tiny baglike open area (vestibule) that houses one of the otolith organs in your ear, where these particles don't cause trouble and are more easily resorbed.

How to get rid of vertigo when you wake up?

In general, if you wake up with positional vertigo, try the following steps: Slowly move into the good-ear-down position and wait for a minute. Next, slowly move into a face-down position and slide to the foot of the bed. Keep your head down until you reach the end of the bed and are kneeling or standing on the floor.

What is the movement of the cilia that causes vertigo?

Vertigo develops when the cilia are stimulated by the rolling otoconia. Movements that can bring about an episode of BPPV include: Rolling over or sitting up in bed; Bending the head forward to look down, or; Tipping the head backward.

What is the process of BPPV?

BPPV develops when calcium carbonate crystals, which are known as otoconia, shift into and become trapped within the semicircular canals ( one of the vestibular organs of the inner ear that control balance). The otoconia make up a normal part of the structure of the utricle, a vestibular organ next to the semicircular canals. (See illustration.)

What is the name of the condition where the head is spinning?

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear disorder in which changes in the position of the head, such as tipping the head backward, lead to sudden vertigo – a feeling that the room is spinning. The vertigo sensation can range from mild to severe and usually lasts only a few minutes. It may be accompanied by other symptoms, ...

How is BPPV diagnosed?

The diagnosis can usually be made in the office based on medical history and a physical exam. Treatment also involves a short, simple in-office procedure known as the particle repositioning maneuver. (See the treatment section).

How long does it take for BPPV to go away?

BPPV is not a sign of a serious problem, and it usually disappears on its own within 6 weeks of the first episode. However, the symptoms of BPPV can be very frightening and may be dangerous, especially in older people. About half of all people over age 65 suffer an episode of BPPV.

Which ear is affected by dizziness?

If you feel dizzy, then the left ear is your affected ear.

What nerve causes vertigo and jumping eyes?

The otoconia move to the lowest part of the canal, which causes the fluid to flow within the SCC, stimulating the balance (eighth cranial) nerve and causing vertigo and jumping eyes (nystagmus).

What does it feel like to spin with BPPV?

People with BPPV can experience a spinning sensation — vertigo — any time there is a change in the position of the head.

How to diagnose BPPV?

Diagnosing BPPV involves taking a detailed history of a person’s health. The doctor confirms the diagnosis by observing nystagmus — jerking of the person’s eyes that accompanies the vertigo caused by changing head position. This is accomplished through a diagnostic test called the Dix-Hallpike maneuver.

What causes BPPV in older adults?

In many people, especially older adults, there is no specific event that causes BPPV to occur, but there are some things that may bring on an attack: Mild to severe head trauma. Keeping the head in the same position for a long time, such as in the dentist chair, at the beauty salon or during strict bed rest.

How long does it take for BPPV to go away?

Even without treatment, the usual course of the illness is lessening of symptoms over a period of days to weeks, and sometimes there is spontaneous resolution of the condition.

What causes BPPV?

In many people, especially older adults, there is no specific event that causes BPPV to occur, but there are some things that may bring on an attack: 1 Mild to severe head trauma 2 Keeping the head in the same position for a long time, such as in the dentist chair, at the beauty salon or during strict bed rest 3 Bike riding on rough trails 4 High intensity aerobics 5 Other inner ear disease (ischemic, inflammatory, infectious)

How to tell if you have BPPV?

First, while sitting up, the person’s head is turned about 45 degrees to one side. Next, the patient is quickly laid down backward with the head just over the edge of the examining table. This move can often bring on the vertigo and the doctor can observe to see if the person’s eyes show the jerking pattern of nystagmus. A positive response confirms the diagnosis of BPPV. An MRI or CT scan of the brain is usually unnecessary.

How do you know if you have benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

Symptoms. The signs and symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may include: Dizziness. A sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving (vertigo) A loss of balance or unsteadiness. Nausea. Vomiting. The signs and symptoms of BPPV can come and go and commonly last less than one minute.

What is the sensation of spinning?

Overview. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo — the sudden sensation that you're spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning. BPPV causes brief episodes of mild to intense dizziness. It is usually triggered by specific changes in your head's position.

How long does BPPV last?

The signs and symptoms of BPPV can come and go and commonly last less than one minute. Episodes of BPPV can disappear for some time and then recur. Activities that bring about the signs and symptoms of BPPV can vary from person to person, but are almost always brought on by a change in head position.

What organs help you maintain balance?

Inner ear and balance. Semicircular canals and otolith organs — the utricle and saccule — in your inner ear contain fluid and fine, hairlike sensors that help you keep your eyes focused on a target when your head is in motion and assist in helping you maintain your balance. Often, there's no known cause for BPPV.

What is it called when you blow your head?

This is called idiopathic BPPV. When there is a known cause, BPPV is often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes of BPPV include disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair.

What to do if you have sudden vertigo?

Generally, see your doctor if you experience any recurrent, sudden, severe, or prolonged and unexplained dizziness or vertigo.

What organs monitor your head?

Other structures (otolith organs) in your ear monitor your head's movements — up and down, right and left, back and forth — and your head's position related to gravity. These otolith organs contain crystals that make you sensitive to gravity. For many reasons, these crystals can become dislodged.

What is BPPV in the ear?

BPPV is a mechanical problem in the inner ear. It occurs when some of the calcium carbonate crystals, “otoconia” that are normally embedded in gel in the Utricle become dislodged and migrate into one or more of the 6 fluid-filled Semicircular Canals, where they are not supposed to be.

Where do otoconia crystals live?

1000s of otoconia "crystals" live in the Utricle of the inner ear. When they get displaced into the Semicircular Canal, it causes disruption of the natural fluid and causes vertigo.

Does medication help with BPPV?

Medication will not fix/cure BPPV. Getting the otoconia back to the Utricle with maneuvers is the most effective management. Prescription or over the counter drugs such as Meclizine (Antivert, Bonine, D-Vert, Dramamine) only help with secondary symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and motion sickness. Talk with your doctor about options.

Can you do BPPV at home?

While these maneuvers can be done at home (remember BPPV is a benign condition!), and many people can have success with doing so, it not advised to try these maneuvers at home if you do not know what you are doing or been advised by a professional.

What is BPV diagnosis?

The diagnosis of BPV relies on a typical history and provocative positional testing to elicit nystagmus in the plane of the affected canal. Further audio-vestibular testing or imaging is only necessary when the patient shows additional signs or symptoms which may indicate a comorbid condition (Bhattacharyya et al., 2017).

What is the BPV theory of BPV?

The canalithiasis theory of BPV describes calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) from the otolithic membrane of the utricle, becoming detached and entering the endolymph of one or more of the semicircular canals (Hall et al., 1979). If a critical mass of otoconia is reached within a given canal, when the head changes position, the gravitational movement of the otoconia will cause abnormal endolymph flow, giving a false sensation of head movement and producing nystagmus in the plane of the affected canal (House and Honrubia, 2003). The cupulolithiasis theory describes displaced otoconia attaching to the cupula of the semicircular canals (Schuknecht, 1969). Ordinarily, the cupula is equal in density to the surrounding endolymph and does not exert a force on the hair cells when the head is stationary. The attached otoconia produce a density difference which causes gravity-dependent movement of the cupula. In both canalithiasis and cupulolithiasis, the abnormal stimulation of the canals brought on by changes in head position results in vertigo and nystagmus. In canalithiasis, the response is brief with a delayed onset as the otoconia fall to the new lowest gravitational point. In cupulolithiasis, the response is persistent as the heavy cupula continues to deflect while the head remains in the provoking position but may gradually decay due to central vestibular adaptation (Nuti et al., 2016).

What is the underlying mechanism of posterior canal BPV?

The underlying mechanism of posterior canal BPV (PC-BPV) is usually canalithiasis, with the otoconia being trapped near the ampulla, as this is the lowest gravitational point in the upright position. The hallmark nystagmus of PC-BPV is induced by the Dix-Hallpike test in which the patient’s head is turned towards the affected ear and lowered into a head-hanging position so that the posterior canal is in the sagittal plane with the ampulla at the highest gravitational point. The head-hanging position can be more easily achieved if the bed has an adjustable head, or alternatively by placing a pillow behind the patient’s back. In this head position, otoconia will gravitate away from the ampulla towards the common crus, causing excitation of the posterior canal afferents. With the affected ear down, upbeating torsional geotropic nystagmus is observed. Consistent with the canalithiasis theory, the nystagmus should have a brief onset latency of one or a few seconds after reaching the provocative position due to the inertia of the otoconia and resistance of the endolymph. A crescendo-decrescendo pattern of intensity and a short duration of less than one minute should be observed (Fig. 1) as the otoconia settle to the new lowest point in the canal (Parnes et al., 2003). The nystagmus reverses direction when the patient is returned to the upright position and the otoconia fall back towards the ampulla. It is fatigable as otoconia disperse within the canal. In unilateral PC-BPV, the Dix-Hallpike test is negative on the contralateral side. A positive Dix-Hallpike on both sides is consistent with bilateral PC-BPV and is more common in cases of trauma (Katsarkas, 1999). Clinicians should take care to ensure appropriate head alignment during the Dix-Hallpike test as inappropriate positioning may lead to unilateral PC-BPV being mistaken for bilateral PC-BPV (Steddin and Brandt, 1994).

Why is my otoconia dislodged?

The cause of dislodged otoconia is usually unknown but in some cases may be attributed to head trauma or inner ear diseases such as Meniere’s disease and vestibular neuritis (Karlberg et al., 2000, von Brevern et al., 2007). There is a similar association between BPV and migraine and it has been postulated that the vasospasms known to occur in migraine could cause ischaemic damage to the inner ear and thereby promote detachment of otoconia (Ishiyama et al., 2000). More women are affected by BPV than men, and this may in part or whole reflect the association between BPV and migraine (von Brevern et al., 2007). The incidence of BPV increases amongst adults over 35 years old with a mean onset age of 49 years (von Brevern et al., 2007). This suggests that a degenerative process may play a role. BPV has also been reported after periods of bed rest, which may facilitate the otoconia forming an adequate agglomeration (Gyo, 1988).

What is a BPV?

Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is a common and treatable peripheral vestibular disorder in which one or more of the semicircular canals are abnormally stimulated by otoconia displaced from the otolith organs. As the head moves with respect to gravity, the otoconia also move, activating semicircular canal afferents and producing a false sense of head rotation and nystagmus. Patients will present with episodic positional vertigo, which is idiopathic in the majority of cases but may be preceded by head trauma or other insult to the inner ear (Karlberg et al., 2000). The diagnosis relies upon the distinctive pattern of nystagmus observed during provocative manoeuvres in the plane of the affected canal. While BPV is self-limiting in many cases, unresolved BPV can limit daily activities and contribute to the risk of falls in elderly patients (von Brevern et al., 2007). Treatment by repositioning manoeuvres specific to the affected canal can offer patients relief from symptoms and allow them to return to normal activities. Although less common, central and peripheral disorders can mimic the presentation of BPV and are an important differential diagnosis for episodic positional vertigo.

Can BPV cause vertigo?

Rotational vertigo is the most common complaint of patients with BPV, which is expected given the involvement of the semicircular canals. Most patients will report brief, discrete episodes of vertigo lasting seconds to minutes upon lying down, turning over or getting out of bed (von Brevern et al., 2007). In some cases, the vertigo is associated with nausea and vomiting. Patients with lateral canal BPV typically experience more severe symptoms. Many patients will report restricting head movements to prevent attacks and may develop secondary neck pain (von Brevern et al., 2007).

Is vertigo a subjective BPV?

A typical history of BPV and vertigo on positional testing may sometimes be encountered without nystagmus. This entity has been termed ‘subjective BPV’ and has been shown to be responsive to positional manoeuvres similar to classic BPV (Balatsouras and Korres, 2012, Haynes et al., 2002, Tirelli et al., 2001). It has been explained by a smaller quantity of otoconia, insufficient to produce the characteristic nystagmus (Tirelli et al., 2001). In this case, the intensity of symptoms during positional testing must be used to lateralise the involved canal. The resolution of symptoms following repositioning confirms the diagnosis.

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common form of vertigo.

An inner ear problem

The inner ear consists of the cochlea which allows you to hear and the vestibular system which consists of three semicircular canals, the utricle and the saccule, which maintain balance.

Who has BPPV?

As previously mentioned, BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo and it is estimated that 50% of people aged 70 and over experience this disorder in their existence.

What are the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

Symptoms of BPPV are often brief episodes of dizziness that last from seconds to minutes.

Diagnosis of positional vertigo

The diagnosis of this vertigo is essentially practiced by manipulations and changes of position induced to provoke them.

How to get rid of inner ear crystals?

When the deficiency of an ear or ears is established, treatment can begin.

Why does the treatment not relieve my positional vertigo?

You have tried everything and despite the treatment, you do not feel any improvement?

What to do if you still have symptoms after Epley maneuver?

Or you may have another problem that’s causing your symptoms of vertigo. The home Epley maneuver only works to treat vertigo from BPPV.

How long does Epley maneuver last?

You may need to try the home Epley maneuver if you have symptoms of BPPV. In BPPV, vertigo may come on with certain head movements. It may last for up to a minute. These symptoms may be more frequent at times. You may also have nausea and vomiting.

How long does vertigo last after Epley maneuver?

Make sure your vertigo has really gone away before doing anything dangerous, such as driving. With the help of the home Epley maneuver, your vertigo may go away for weeks or even years.

What causes BPPV?

Often BPPV happens without any known cause. Sometimes there is a cause. Causes of BPPV can include: 1 A head injury 2 Problems after ear surgery

What part of the ear is responsible for detecting movement?

The utricle is a nearby part of the ear. It contains calcium crystals (canaliths) that help it detect movement. Sometimes these crystals detach from the utricle and end up inside the semicircular canals. When these crystals move inside the canals, they may send incorrect signals to your brain about your position.

What is it called when you feel like the world is spinning?

This can make you feel like the world is spinning. This is called vertigo. Dr. John Epley designed a series of movements to dislodge the crystals from the semicircular canals. These movements bring the crystals back to the utricle, where they belong. This treats the symptoms of vertigo.

How to tell if your right ear is a problem?

Follow these steps if the problem is with your right ear: Start by sitting on a bed. Turn your head 45 degrees to the right.

How to prevent vertigo from getting worse?

Preventing symptoms of vertigo from becoming worse during episodes of BPV can be as simple as avoiding the positions that trigger it.

How to manage dizziness with BPV?

There are steps you can take to manage the dizziness associated with BPV. Be aware of your surroundings and avoid placing yourself at risk. Losing your balance is always a possibility. Falls can cause serious injuries. Take a seat whenever you feel dizzy.

What causes BPV in the brain?

BPV develops when small crystals of calcium carbonate that are normally in another area of the ear break free and enter the semicircular canals. It can also happen when these crystals form inside the semicircular canals. This causes your brain to receive confusing messages about your body’s position.

What is BPV in ear?

BPV is the result of a disturbance inside your inner ear. The semicircular canals, or the tubes inside your ears, contain fluid that moves when you change your body’s position. The semicircular canals are extremely sensitive.

How long does BPV last?

Symptoms of BPV can come and go. They commonly last less than one minute. A variety of activities can bring on BPV. However, most symptoms occur when there’s a change in your head’s positioning. Abnormal eye movements, also called nystagmus, usually accompany symptoms of BPV.

How to treat BPV?

Some doctors consider the Epley maneuver the most effective treatment for BPV. It’s a simple exercise you can try at home that doesn’t require any equipment. It involves tilting your head in order to move the piece of calcium carbonate to a different part of your inner ear.

What is the most common cause of vertigo?

Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is the most common cause of vertigo, the sensation of spinning or swaying. It causes a sudden sensation of spinning, or like your head is spinning from the inside.

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Diagnosis

Treatment

  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may go away on its own within a few weeks or months. But, to help relieve BPPVsooner, your doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may treat you with a series of movements known as the canalith repositioning procedure.
See more on mayoclinic.org

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

  • If you experience dizziness associated with BPPV, consider these tips: 1. Be aware of the possibility of losing your balance, which can lead to falling and serious injury. 2. Avoid movements, such as looking up, that bring on the symptoms. 3. Sit down immediately when you feel dizzy. 4. Use good lighting if you get up at night. 5. Walk with a cane for stability if you're at r…
See more on mayoclinic.org

Preparing For Your Appointment

  • Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms common to BPPV. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist or a doctor who specializes in the brain and nervous system (neurologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
See more on mayoclinic.org

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