What is an example of an editorial?
This type of editorial aims to raise awareness and discuss how the topic is relevant to the reader. Critical: The critical format focuses on the various causes of a problem and suggests a solution. For example, you might critique a policy that relates to your issue to advocate for a specific change.
Which type of editorial appeals directly to the reader?
Persuasive: This type of editorial appeals directly to the reader and encourages them to take action. The persuasive format focuses on the reader's ability to change a situation by following your advice.
How to write an editorial about a controversial topic?
Whether their readers agree or disagree with the dress code, an editorial about a specific controversial topic will inspire others to engage in the issue. 2. Research your topic Even though an editorial is opinion-based, it is still important to provide your readers with well-researched evidence to back up your ideas.
How do I start the writing process for an editorial?
Once you know the type of editorial you want to write and the basic components you need to include, you can begin the writing process. If you are writing an editorial for a class or work assignment, refer back to the prompt frequently during the planning process.
What is the proper way to write an organisms scientific name?
Scientific name consists of two parts. The first is genus name and second is species name. It is always written in italics (if typed) or underlined (handwritten). The first letter of genus name is always capitalized. However, the first letter of species is not capitalized.
Should species names be italicized?
Although botanical nomenclature is rather complicated the way to write these names is fairly straight forward. Genus and species: Names should always be italicized or underlined. The first letter of the genus name is capitalized but the specific epithet is not, e.g. Lavandula angustifolia.
Do you italicize bacteria names?
When referring to a bacterium in a paper, the writer should underline or italicize the names in the text. After writing the complete name of a microorganism in the first mention, the genus name can be shortened to just the capital letter. For example, Moraxella bovis can be written M. bovis.
What are the rules of nomenclature to be observed in the proper writing of the names of microorganisms?
The genus name is capitalized and the species is lower case. The names should be italicized or underlined in text. Once the complete name of a microorganism has been written out once, the genus name can be abbreviated to just the capital letter provided there is no confusion with other genera.
Why scientific names of organisms are italicized when printed?
The scientific names are typed in italics by convention so as to distinguish these names from other text or normal text. This rule in followed in binomial nomenclature given by Linnaeus.
Why are genus and species italicized?
I personally think that Latin genera should be in italics because they are part of the species nomencalture, they refer to a / a few / all of the species of a genus, and they are confirmed non-English words (mostly Latin). It has been considered grammatically correct to italicise non-English words.
Should E. coli be italicized?
Always use italics to write E. coli. Always use a single space after the dot (i.e. before "coli") in E. coli.
Should Lactobacillus be italicized?
Trivial names are often used as a simplified way of naming a bacterial genus. A trivial name should neiter be written with capital first letter nor in italic. Examples of trivial names are: lactobacilli, mycobacteria, salmonella, staphylococci and streptococci.
Should Streptococcus be italicized?
Editor's Note: When streptococcus is used generically to refer to any member of the genus Streptococcus, do not italicize or capitalize (§15.14.
What are the established guidelines and rules when naming nomenclature a bacteria?
Naming rules The current nomenclature for bacterial species requires a capital letter for the genus name and an epithet beginning by a lowercase letter for the species name [7]. Genera and epithet should be Latin or Latinized; the specific epithet is an adjective that must agree with the gender of the generic name [7].
What is the nomenclature procedure that should be followed when a new species is discovered?
There are some rules you must follow when naming a new species: The name must be unique. The combination of genus name and species name cannot have been used for any other animal. You're naming a new species of the genus Moridilla, so once you've come up with an idea for a species name try googling it: Moridilla X.
What are the rules for naming species and other groups?
The genus name is ALWAYS capitalized, the second part ("trivial nomen") is ALWAYS in lower case, and the name is ALWAYS italicized or underlined; Species names can be abbreviated by using only the first letter of the genus name, followed by a period (NEVER by a hyphen): H. sapiens and T.
What is the name of the system that governs the naming of organisms?
An equally elaborate and rigid system, or a group of systems, governs the naming of organisms. These systems are usually referred to as codes of nomenclature, such as the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. ...
Do you capitalize species names?
However, names of species are never capitalized. Whether such single-letter abbreviations can begin a sentence is a point of style that varies from journal to journal: some journals find it acceptable whereas some journals require the name of the genus to be spelt out in full even when it has been spelt out earlier.
What is the abbreviation for a taxonomic rank?
The preferred term usually does not include the taxonomic rank designation except for the following cases: Official names of organisms may include abbreviated taxonomic rank such as “subg.“ "subgen.". or “subsp.”. In rare cases, two Linnaean taxon ranks in the same hierarchy may have the same name.
Why do microorganisms name change?
Microorganism name changes. Microorganism taxonomic names may change, often due to scientific advances. This may result in: Finding an organism in a particular taxonomic group (e.g. Genus) that is unrelated, on a molecular basis, to other members of the group.
What is a SNOMED CT?
SNOMED CT allows for the representation of an organism in a specific life cycle stage. For example, 337915000 |Homo sapiens (organism)| are organisms. Homo sapiens include humans, in general, as well as children. Childhood is a life cycle stage, however it is not an organism.
What is a fully specified name?
The fully specified name (FSN) of organism concepts names classes that are officially recognized Linnaean taxonomic classes (other than species), and include a designation of rank. They include, but are not limited to Phylum, Order, Suborder, Class, Family, Genus, and subspecies.
What are subspecies subtypes?
The description of organism classes that are subspecies subtypes and variants may include terms such as serogroup, serotype, biotype, variant, biovar, serovar, and pathovar. The subspecies types and variants should be included in the FSN, PT and other descriptions.
Do you capitalize the genus and species of influenza?
Also, the name of the virus should always be capitalized.
Is the naming convention correct?
The naming convention is not applied to concepts that only refer to a subgroup of a rank. For example, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (organism) is correct in capitalizing Enterococcus. It refers to a subclass of the genus, Enterococcus species that are resistant.
What are the rules of scientific writing?
One of the basic rules of scientific writing is consistency . Regardless of your choice of scientific or common name, you must maintain consistency. Always check the author guidelines when preparing manuscripts. Formats for citations and references, headings, and section placement can be different.
Who invented the nomenclature?
These codes are universal and are periodically updated by consensus. The protocol for naming species was invented in the 1700s by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus.
What is a species?
A species, by definition, is the combination of both the genus and specific epithet, not just the epithet. For example, we can use the term gray wolf but we cannot use just Canis or lupus to describe this animal. Canis lupus is a species.
What are the codes used today?
The following codes are used today: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria recently changed to International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
What is scientific nomenclature?
“Scientific nomenclature” refers to various names according to a specific field of study. This article is the first in a series on scientific nomenclature within specific kingdoms. Usually, animals & plants are identified by common ...
What is the highest level of the taxonomic hierarchy?
The highest level is the “kingdom.”. The first kingdom comprised only two types of living organisms—animals and plants.
How are animals and plants identified?
Usually, animals & plants are identified by common and scientific names. Common name: These are used locally and may vary by region or country. Scientific name: These are unique names used by the scientific community to accurately and universally identify species.
How to write bacterium in a paper?
When referring to a bacterium in a paper, the writer should underline or italicize the names in the text. After writing the complete name of a microorganism in the first mention, the genus name can be shortened to just the capital letter. For example, Moraxella bovis can be written M. bovis. The ICSP recommends spelling out the entire name ...
What is the binomial name of a bacterium?
A bacterium has a binomial name that consists of two parts: the genus name, which indicates which genus it belongs to and the species epithet. Related: Go on a reading marathon and learn the important aspects of academic writing. Check out this section now!
What is the Bacteriological Code?
While the Bacteriological Code is often interpreted as the “official” list of valid names for bacteria, the Code only provides guidelines on how bacteria should be named. This allows for disagreement, discovery, and evolution in scientific research. For example, one group of researchers might classify a bacterium to genus A.
Can you use microbial nomenclature in a research article?
Research can be hard enough without worrying about how to use microbial nomenclature or scientific names of bacteria accurately. Writing bacteria names in a research article can be a big challenge for scientists, as the guidelines change to reflect new discoveries. Moreover, Latin names may be confusing.
Is microbial nomenclature the same?
The first, as you might have guessed, is that different types of bacteria might appear to be the same when their names are abbreviated.
Is Helicobacter pylori a replacement for Legionella?
For example, Helicobacter pylori was immediately accepted as a replacement for Campylobacter pylori by the scientific community , whereas Tatlockia micdadei has not generally been accepted as a replacement for Legionella micdadei.
How to write a scientific name?
The basic rule for writing a scientific name 1 Use both genus and species name: Felis catus. 2 Italicize the whole name. 3 Capitalize only the genus name. (In the past you would capitalize the species designation if it was derived from a proper name, e.g., Megalonyx Jeffersonii, but now the species designation is always lowercased: Megalonyx jeffersonii .)
When to use the abbreviated genus name?
When you introduce the name of another species in the same genus, you can use the abbreviated genus name for the new species: 1 The domestic cat is species Felis catus. Both F. catus and its wild relative, F. silvestris . . . If you are discussing two species that belong to different genera that nevertheless start with the same letter, say, ...
What is the abbreviation for Felis silvestris?
If the subspecies name is the same as the species name, it can be abbreviated: Felis s. silvestris. In botany, the subspecies is indicated by “subsp.” or “ssp.” (Butcher’s recommends subsp. 4 ): Juncus effusus subsp. solutus. The “subsp.” label is not italicized.
What is the abbreviation for the European meadow rush?
Carolus Linnaeus, a biologist who is such a hero his name was Latinized, gets the abbreviation “L.”: The European meadow rush is Juncus inflexus L . If the author name is in parentheses, that indicates that the species was originally assigned to a different genus.
What is the sp. nov. tag?
The species author and the sp. nov. tag for introducing new species in the literature. When a species is being formally introduced in a scientific paper, the name of the author (the person who first described the species in academic literature) is usually given. The author name is not italicized: The straightleaf rush is Juncus orthophyllus Coville.
Do you capitalize a taxonomic level?
Names of taxonomic levels above the genus level. The names of higher taxonomic levels (family, order, class, phylum or division, and kingdom) should be capitalized but not italicized (see Chicago 8.126 and Butcher’s 13.5.1). Common names derived from taxon names, for instance “felines” for members of the family Felidae, are not capitalized.
Is "felines" capitalized?
Common names derived from taxon names, for instance “felines” for members of the family Felidae, are not capitalized. A common name that is derived from a genus name, such as gorilla, is not capitalized either (see Chicago 8.127).
Why are gene designations italicized?
Gene designations are generally italicized, which helps clarify whether the writer is referring to a gene or to another entity that might be confused with a gene. Style for genes varies according to organism.
What is the Mt prefix for a drug target gene?
When different alleles of the same gene are noted, the terminology allows for a superscript. Mitochondrial genes add an “mt” prefix to the 3- or 4-letter gene, which may or may not be in lowercase. Drug target genes are all capped, no italics.
What is a term that is combined with one of the following words?
If a term is combined with 1 of the following words, it is probably describing a gene: Promoter (e.g., P2 core promoter [of myc gene]); promoters are parts of genes, not proteins. Terminator, operator, attenuator sites. If term is combined with one of following words, it is probably describing a protein.
How to identify restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes are identified with a 3-letter designation of the bacterium from which they are isolated, plus a single-letter strain designation (as needed) and a roman numeral showing the order in which it was identified. The 3-letter bacterium designation should begin with a capital letter and is italicized; the rest of the enzyme name is set roman.
Is taq polymerase capitalized?
Taq polymerase, which is used in PCRs, was isolated from Thermus aquaticus. Use italics for genus and species in virus names. A/ Cygnus cygnus/ Germany/R65/2006. Italicize species, variety or subspecies, and genus when used in the singular. Do not italicize or capitalize genus name when used in the plural.
Is "genus" capitalized?
Italicize family, genus, species, and variety or subspecies. Begin family and genus with a capital letter. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, and suborder begin with a capital letter but are not italicized. If a generic plural for an organism exists (see Dorland’s), it is neither capitalized nor italicized.
Do you italicize a virus?
Italics are used for bacterial and viral taxa at the level of family and below. All bacterial and many viral genes are italicized. Serovars of Salmonella enterica are not italicized. For organisms other than bacteria, fungi, and viruses, scientific names of taxa above the genus level (families, orders, etc.) should be in roman type.
Is a cocker spaniel capitalized?
Animal breeds, unlike types of produce and plant cultivars, are given no special treatment: Your cocker spaniel is special, of course, but its breed name merits no capitalization. However, many names of breeds of dogs and cats are exceptions, such as those of the German shepherd, the Siamese cat, and the Thoroughbred horse.
Is the species name capitalized?
The first element, the genus name, is capitalized ; the second element, the species name, is not (even if it derives from a place name, as in Artemisia californica, the name of a plant found in California). Such terms, as shown here, are generally italicized.
Is "red tailed hawk" capitalized?
Binomial nomenclature is, of course, also used for animals, including the singularly curious one designated as Homo sapiens. However, as in the case of plant names, animal names are not capitalized (“I spotted a red-tailed hawk,” not “I spotted a Red-Tailed Hawk”), except when an element of the name is a proper noun, ...
How to write an editorial?
1. Decide on a topic . Since editorials are based on opinion, your topic should be arguable and have multiple points of view. Your essay will reflect your personal bias or the bias of the group you are representing, so you should expect some of your readers to disagree with your stance.
What is the goal of an editorial?
While the goal of all editorials is to share an opinion and persuade an audience, there are editorial style variations. The different types depend upon the goal of the article and can be divided into four categories:
Why do professors assign editorials?
Professors assign editorials in class to determine your skill at persuasive writing, while writers at newspapers and magazines create editorials to make a claim or create discussion about their publication. Your editorial should make a clear argument that reflects your stance and appeals to your audience.
What is an editorial essay?
An editorial is a short essay that shares an individual's opinion on a current event or social issue. The goal of a good editorial is to persuade the reader to consider your perspective and change their opinion. Editorials often focus on controversial issues with widely different viewpoints.
What makes an editorial good?
A good editorial can focus on any topic, as long as you can make a strong case for your opinion and write with your audience in mind. Focus on why a reader should care about your issue, as well as why someone might have a different opinion . Understanding both sides of an issue will make your editorial interesting to a wide variety of audiences. Use these tips to make your editorial as convincing and relevant as possible:
What is the purpose of a persuasive editorial?
The persuasive format focuses on the reader's ability to change a situation by following your advice. Praising: A praising editorial shows appreciation for a person or organization based on their involvement in an issue.
How to convince readers of your credibility?
Even though an editorial is opinion-based, it is still important to provide your readers with well-researched evidence to back up your ideas. You can convince your readers of your credibility by demonstrating knowledge of what other prominent voices have to say on the topic.
What is italicized in a book?
Publications. 1. Titles of books, journals, magazines, plays, newspapers, and freestanding publications are italicized when quoted in text or bibliography. Always preserve original spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, and punctuation.
Do you capitalize a CD title?
Individual songs are set in quotation marks. 3. Instrumental music such as symphonies, quartets, rhapsodies, etc., that also include a number or key signature in the title should be capitalized, but not italicized. Descriptive titles of the same work can be italicized.
Fully Specified Name
Preferred Term
- The “authority,” or author (the person credited with the first formal use of the name), is formally included after the genus and species in the full version of the scientific name. For example, the full scientific name for the dove tree can be broken down like this: Davidia (the genus name) involucrata(the species name) Baill. (the abbreviation of ...
Qualifiers in Organism Names
Organism Class Variants
Capitalization of Organism Names and Binomial Format
- The Preferred Term is the official scientific name. It may include abbreviations and/or parentheses. The preferred term usually does not include the taxonomic rank designation except for the following cases: 1. Official names of organisms may include abbreviated taxonomic rank such as “subg.“ "subgen." or “subsp.”. 2. In rare cases, two Linnaean ta...
Salmonella Serotype Nomenclature
- When modeling organisms with qualifiers, the qualifier should be placed in front of the organism name.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- The description of organism classes that are subspecies subtypes and variants may include terms such as serogroup, serotype, biotype, variant, biovar, serovar, and pathovar. For example, 1. 1.1. 698206009 |Brucella suis biovar 4 (organism)| The subspecies types and variants should be included in the FSN, PT and other descriptions. This is to avoid ambiguity when the same numbe…
Influenza Virus Nomenclature
- Official scientific names for organisms should be capitalized. The designation of rank does not require capitalization. For example, 1. 1.1. 426813007 |Order Acidobacteriales (organism)|has case significance of “Initial character case insensitive” There is an exception to the above guidelines where the binomial format for an organism species includes capitalization of the gen…
US/GB Spelling Variants For Taxonomic Concepts
- Salmonella serotypes have a quadrinomial format of Genus species subspecies Serotype where the serotype name is capitalized. For example, 1. 1.1. A synonym for 114683003 |Salmonella Doel (organism)|is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Doel Additional descriptions, without the species and subspecies names, are in common usage for Salmonella serotypes. For example, 1…
Use of X Species
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen whose virulence is based on its protective polysaccharide capsule. Study of the polysaccharide capsule has identified multiple serogroups and serotypes. Serotypes are defined by the chemical structure and immunologic properties of their polysaccharide; each serogroup contains one or more serotypes that elicit the same antibo…
International Codes of Nomenclature
- Follow the latest names for genus and species according to the taxonomy authority. Although thegenus and species names for influenza viruses are similar, they each follow a distinct pattern, which should be used in SNOMED CT. Also, the name of the virus should always be capitalized. For species, the word virusis included as a separate word and follows the letter designation. For …
Hierarchy
- Taxonomic resources (e.g. Integrated Taxonomic Information System or ITIS, List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature or LPSN) use the official scientific name for organisms. Similarly, in SNOMED CT, the official scientific name should be used in FSNs and PTs. For descriptions representing common names, if the spelling in a country or region is different, the p…
Binomial Name
- In the context of the Linnaean organism hierarchy, there is no difference between Salmonella species and simply Salmonella, the genus. Terms with X species, such as Salmonella species, are routinely used in laboratory reporting. They may provide additional information, other than the place of the organism in the Linnaean hierarchy. However, the intended connotation may vary fr…
Writing Scientific Names of Animals
Exceptions
- Known as the “taxonomic hierarchy,” the system consists of several groups of species based on genetic and phylogenic characteristics. The highest level is the “kingdom.” The first kingdom comprised only two types of living organisms—animals and plants. We have seven classifications within the kingdom domain—Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animali…
Writing Scientific Names of Plants
- From above example, note that the classifications go from general (Animalia) to specific (C. lupus). A species, by definition, is the combination of both the genus and specific epithet, not just the epithet. For example, we can use the term gray wolf but we cannot use just Canis or lupus to describe this animal. Canis lupusis a species.
Consistency
- When writing, we use both the scientific name and the “common” name on the first mention. We then choose which to use throughout and make it consistent. 1. Gray wolf (Canis lupus)is native to North America and Eurasia. In subsequent references, we can use either the common or scientific name. If we use the scientific name, we need only to use the f...
How Are Bacteria named?
- There are a few exceptions to some of these rules. First, the entire genus name must be spelled out if it begins a sentence, even if a subsequent reference: 1. Canis lupuswas nearly hunted to extinction in North America. Second, when more than one species has the same genus initial but come from different genera, the genera names are spelled out to avoid confusion: 1. Both the gr…
Common Issues in The Use of Microbial Nomenclature
- Plant names also follow binomial nomenclature (similar to animal names). 1. Royal grevillea(Grevillea victoriae)is found in New South Wales and Victoria. In the plant kingdom, classification after species is subspecies (subsp.) and variety (var.). For example, there are three subspecies of Grevillea victoriae. 1. Grevillea victoriae subsp. victoriae 2. Grevillea victoriae sub…
How Do I Know If The Microbial Nomenclature I’m Using Is valid?
- One of the basic rules of scientific writing is consistency. Regardless of your choice of scientific or common name, you must maintain consistency. Always check the author guidelines when preparing manuscripts. Formats for citations and references, headings, and section placement can be different. Be assured that the format for writing scientific names is internationally consis…