What is the pathophysiology of AD?
AD is defined pathologically by plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the cerebral cortex. Plaques and tangles are associated with synaptic dysfunction, neuronal degeneration, and progressive cognitive decline (AD dementia).
What is the pathophysiology of Lewy body dementia?
Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. These deposits, called Lewy bodies, affect chemicals in the brain whose changes, in turn, can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood.
What is the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia?
Frontotemporal dementia is a group of disorders characterized by the loss of nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which causes these lobes to shrink. The cause of FTD is unknown.
What is the standard pharmacological treatment for cognitive impairment?
Cholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine): These medications are approved for use in mild, moderate, or severe Alzheimer disease and are sometimes also used for other types of dementia (for example, vascular dementia or mixed dementias).
Is there treatment for Lewy body dementia?
There is no cure for Lewy body dementia (LBD). Medications and nonmedical therapies, like physical, occupational and speech therapies, manage symptoms as much as possible. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept®, Exelon®, Razadyne®) help manage the cognitive symptoms of LBD.
What is Parkinson's disease pathophysiology?
Parkinson's disease is primarily associated with the gradual loss of cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. This area is responsible for the production of dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical messenger that transmits signals between two regions of the brain to coordinate activity.
How do you deal with frontotemporal dementia?
Be a part of finding better treatmentsGet regular health care.Ask family and friends for help with child care, errands, and other tasks.Spend time doing enjoyable activities, away from the demands of caregiving. ... Join a support group for caregivers of people with FTDs.
What is the most prominent symptom of frontotemporal dementia?
The most common signs of frontotemporal dementia involve extreme changes in behavior and personality. These include: Increasingly inappropriate social behavior. Loss of empathy and other interpersonal skills, such as having sensitivity to another's feelings.
What causes frontotemporal degeneration?
Frontotemporal degeneration is caused by progressive damage and loss of nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. In most people, this is accompanied by a buildup of one or the other of two proteins, tau or TDP-43.
What medication is used for cognitive impairment?
Commonly Used Medications for Persons with Cognitive ImpairmentDrug Name (Brand Name)Generic AvailableDonepezil (Aricept®)YesRivastigmine (Exelon®)YesGalantamine (Razadyne®)YesMemantine (Namenda®)Yes
What medication helps with cognitive function?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration already has approved a number of these drugs, including donepezil (Aricept®), rivastigmine tartrate (Exelon®), galantamine HBr (Reminyl®), and memantine (Namenda®). In addition, the new psychostimulant modafinil (Provigil®) improves alertness, a key factor in cognitive performance.
How do you improve cognitive impairment?
Small changes may really add up: Making these part of your routine could help you function better.Take Care of Your Physical Health.Manage High Blood Pressure.Eat Healthy Foods.Be Physically Active.Keep Your Mind Active.Stay Connected with Social Activities.Manage Stress.Reduce Risks to Cognitive Health.