The treatment for this particular disorder is severe; lifelong experimental medicalization, sterilization, and complete removal of healthy body parts—a treatment Dr. Ray Blanchard, one of the world’s foremost sexologists, calls “palliative”. In spite of its severity, however, medical transition is no longer a rarity.
What is the treatment for Turner syndrome?
Evaluation and monitoring for medical or mental health issues associated with Turner syndrome throughout life can help to address problems early. The primary treatments for nearly all girls and women with Turner syndrome include hormone therapies: Growth hormone.
What is the best therapy for post traumatic stress disorder?
Therapy. Most PTSD therapies fall under the umbrella of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The idea is to change the thought patterns that are disturbing your life. This might happen through talking about your trauma or concentrating on where your fears come from.
What are the treatment options for Tourette syndrome?
Many people with TS have tics that do not get in the way of their living their daily life and, therefore, do not need any treatment. However, medication and behavioral treatments are available if tics cause pain or injury; interfere with school, work, or social life; or cause stress.
What are the treatment options for transverse transverse lumbar fusion?
Other options include steroid injections, radiofrequency ablation, and regenerative treatments such as prolotherapy and platelet rich plasma (PRP). For some patients surgical intervention may be necessary. Minimally invasive spine surgery can reshape the enlarged transverse process and remove this transitional fake joint.
How do you treat transitional vertebrae?
Options include surgical removal of the transitional segment, decompression of stenosed foramina, and spinal fusion. Recent evidence suggests that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) around the transitional segment may also provide relief.
Can Bertolotti syndrome be cured?
Bertolotti's Syndrome is very treatable. A thorough physical exam will include efforts to recreate movement that triggers the pain. A simple x-ray of the lumbar spine, with special focus on the lower vertebrae and the sacral area, can quickly identify this abnormality.
Does Bertolotti syndrome get worse?
CONCLUSIONS. Patients with Bertolotti syndrome undergo significantly longer workup and more ESIs and have worse physical and mental health scores than age- and sex-matched patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy.
What is a Bertolotti injection?
What is the purpose of the steroid injections for Bertolotti's syndrome? Steroid injections can be helpful with providing longer lasting pain relief than medications. The pain people experience from Bertolotti's Syndrome is due to the transverse process of the transitional vertebrae rubbing against the pelvis bone.
What causes transitional lumbosacral anatomy?
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is a congenital anomaly of the spine that arises because of mutations in the Hox genes, giving rise to sacralization (fifth lumbar vertebra shows assimilation to the sacrum) and lumbarization (first sacral vertebra shows lumbar configuration).
Is Bertolotti's syndrome a disability?
Along with significant pain, patients with Bertolotti's Syndrome self-report an average of over 36% on the Oswestry disability scale, correlating to a moderate disability that affects many aspects of daily life.
Does Bertolotti syndrome cause leg pain?
Bertolotti's syndrome is a common but often misdiagnosed congenital anomaly that causes pain in the low back and legs.
How rare is Bertolotti's syndrome?
The syndrome affects 4% to 8% of the population [1]. BS is characterized by anomalous enlargement of the transverse processes of the most caudal lumbar vertebra, which may articulate or fuse with the sacrum or ilium and cause isolated L4-5 disc disease.
How do you know if your spine is fusing?
When the spine becomes completely fused together, the pain in the spinal area usually goes away, but you are left with no spinal mobility and brittle bones that are more likely to fracture. If pain suddenly reappears in the back after a long period of no pain, you may have fractured a vertebra.
How common is transitional vertebrae?
Results: Two hundred eleven subjects were identified as eligible for the study, and 75 (35.6%) were classified as positive for a transitional lumbosacral vertebra. The most common anatomical variant was the Castellvi Type IA (14.7%). The average age at the time of the KUB study was 59.8 years (18-95 years).
What is a transitional disc?
“Transitional vertebra” is a fairly common spinal deformity, in which the lowest vertebrae of the spine, the fifth lumbar vertebra, is partially fused to the top of sacrum. This odd hybrid bone is not a proper lumbar vertebra, and certainly not a sacral segment either — thus, it is a “transitional” vertebra.
Is Bertolotti Syndrome Real?
Bertolotti's syndrome is a commonly missed cause of back pain which occurs due to lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV). It is a congenital condition but is not usually symptomatic until one's later twenties or early thirties.
What is a lumbosacral transitional vertebrae?
Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are increasingly recognized as a common anatomical variant associated with altered patterns of degenerative spine changes. This review will focus on the clinical significance of LSTV, disruptions in normal spine biomechanics, imaging techniques, diagnosis, and treatment.
What is LSTV in spine?
LSTV are associated with alterations in biomechanics and anatomy of spinal and paraspinal structures, which have important implications on surgical approaches and techniques. LSTV are often inaccurately detected and classified on standard AP radiographs and MRI. The use of whole-spine images as well as geometric relationships between the sacrum and lumbar vertebra increase accuracy. Uncertainty regarding the cause, clinical significance, and treatment of LSTV persists. Some authors suggest an association between LSTV types II and IV and low back pain. Pseudoarticulation between the transverse process and the sacrum creates a “false joint” susceptible to arthritic changes and osteophyte formation potentially leading to nerve root entrapment.
What is the prevalence of LSTV?
Estimates of the prevalence of LSTV in the general population vary widely throughout the literature due to differences in definition and diagnostic modalities, ranging from 4.0% -35.9% with a mean of 12.3%.3, 5, 7, 8In a study of 211 participants, Apazidis et al. determined Type IA most common with a prevalence of 14.7%;7however, Type I is generally considered to have no clinical significance and does not require further attention in clinical practice.6In an asymptomatic population, Nardo et al. determined that Type I and Type II were each responsible for more than 40% of total occurrences of LSTV, while Type III and Type IV accounted for 11.5% and 5.25% of occurrences, respectively.9In unilaterally occurring malformations, the incidence is significantly higher on the left side, a finding which remains unexplained.10
How does Oxandrolone help Turner syndrome?
Estrogen therapy. Most girls with Turner syndrome need to start estrogen and related hormone therapy in order to begin puberty. Often, estrogen therapy is started around age 11 or 12 years.
Why is Turner syndrome important?
Because Turner syndrome can result in various developmental problems and medical complications, several specialists may be involved in screening for specific conditions, making diagnoses, recommending treatments and providing care. Teams may evolve as the needs of girls with Turner syndrome change throughout life.
What is the diagnosis of Turner syndrome?
A diagnosis is sometimes made during fetal development. Certain features on an ultrasound image may raise suspicion that your baby has Turner syndrome or another genetic condition affecting development in the womb. Prenatal screening tests that evaluate the baby's DNA in the mother's blood (prenatal cell-free DNA screening or noninvasive prenatal ...
What is Turner Syndrome Society?
The Turner Syndrome Society of the United States and other organizations provide educational materials, resources for families and information about support groups. Groups for parents provide an opportunity to exchange ideas, develop coping strategies and locate resources.
What test is done to determine if a child has Turner syndrome?
If, based on signs and symptoms, the doctor suspects that your child has Turner syndrome, a lab test will typically be done to analyze your child's chromosomes. The test involves a blood sample. Occasionally, your doctor also may request a cheek scraping (buccal smear) or skin sample. The chromosome analysis determines whether or not there is ...
Why is it important to have regular checkups for Turner syndrome?
It's important to help your child prepare for the transition from care with your pediatrician to adult medical and mental health care.
Can you get Turner syndrome from prenatal screening?
Prenatal screening tests that evaluate the baby's DNA in the mother's blood (prenatal cell-free DNA screening or noninvasive prenatal screening) may also indicate an increased risk of Turner syndrome. However, doing a karyotype during pregnancy or after delivery is recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Your pregnancy and childbirth specialist ...
What medications are prescribed for PTSD?
Because people respond differently to medications, and not everyone's PTSD is the same, your doctor may prescribe other medicines "off label," too. (That means the manufacturer didn't ask the FDA to review studies of the drug showing that it's effective specifically for PTSD.) These may include: 1 Antidepressants 2 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) 3 Antipsychotics or second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) 4 Beta-blockers 5 Benzodiazepines
How to help someone with PTSD?
Improve your symptoms. Teach you skills to deal with it. Restore your self-esteem. Most PTSD therapies fall under the umbrella of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The idea is to change the thought patterns that are disturbing your life.
What medications affect serotonin?
Doctors will usually start with medications that affect the neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine (SSRIs and SNRIs), including: Fluoxetine ( Prozac) Paroxetine (Paxil) Sertraline ( Zoloft) Venlafaxine (Effexor) The FDA has approved only paroxetine and sertraline for treating PTSD.
What is PTSD in 2020?
Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on January 21, 2020. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a type of anxiety disorder, can happen after a deeply threatening or scary event. Even if you weren't directly involved, the shock of what happened can be so great that you have a hard time living a normal life.
How long is CPT therapy?
Cognitive Processing Therapy. CPT is a 12-week course of treatment, with weekly sessions of 60-90 minutes. At first, you'll talk about the traumatic event with your therapist and how your thoughts related to it have affected your life. Then you'll write in detail about what happened.
What is a sit CBT?
SIT is a type of CBT. You can do it by yourself or in a group. You won't have to go into detail about what happened. The focus is more on changing how you deal with the stress from the event.
Understanding Bertolotti's Syndrome
Bertolotti’s syndrome is an uncommon cause of low back pain, particularly focused along the waist line slightly off to the side. Often confused with sacroiliitis, this diagnosis affects less than 10% of the population and because of this it often goes undiagnosed.
Causes of Bertolotti's Syndrome
During our spinal development, vertebrae located in the sacral region fuse together to form one bone called the sacrum. The sacrum is located in the region of the pelvis. In the low back or lumbar spine, lumbar vertebral bodies develop as separate segments with their own discs, transverse processes, spinous processes.
Symptoms of Bertolotti's Syndrome
Patients diagnosed with Bertolotti’s Syndrome, or the transitional vertebra, often do not experience any symptoms. However, for the patients that do, they typically experience low back pain that radiates from the sides of their waistline. The pain may be thought as sacroiliac joint pain or lumbar disc or lumbar facet joint pain.
Diagnosing Bertolotti's Syndrome
Since Bertolotti’s Syndrome is often misdiagnosed, it is important to rule out the other causes of back pain to include pain related to the lumbar disc, pain related to the lumbar facet joints and degenerative disc disease, and even pain related to the sacroiliac joint.
Treatment Options
For those patients that experience low back pain related to Bertolotti’s Syndrome, the first approach is to try non-surgical treatments. Spine-specialized physical therapy helps with mobilization, core strengthening, and stretching.
Frequently Asked Questions About Bertolotti's Syndrome
Steroid injections can be helpful with providing longer lasting pain relief than medications. The pain people experience from Bertolotti’s Syndrome is due to the transverse process of the transitional vertebrae rubbing against the pelvis bone. With repetitive rubbing from daily activities, it can cause irritation and inflammation leading to pain.
What is the best treatment for sundowner syndrome?
Antipsychotic medications. Antipsychotics can be effective in reducing the behavioral symptoms of sundowner’s syndrome. Some of them can also be effective in improving sleep disturbances by producing sedative effects.
How to help elderly people fall asleep faster?
Stick to routines and structured activity. Maximizing activities earlier in the day and avoiding napping can help your loved one fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly at night. Any challenging or stressful tasks that must be completed should be done in the morning or early afternoon. Additionally, sticking to routines can bring comfort and predictability to seniors, which can reduce confusion or agitation.
What time does Sundowner syndrome occur?
The signs and symptoms of sundowner’s Syndrome tend to present between the hours of 4:30 PM and 11:00 PM. People with the condition may experience: Confusion about where they are and who the people around them are. Mental confusion coupled with an inability to respond to reason. Paranoia.
What is Sundowner's syndrome?
Sundowner’s syndrome is a condition that causes a person to experience episodes of increasing confusion, agitation and overall activity as the day transitions to night. While most people slow down as the day reaches its end, those with sundowner’s syndrome only become more active. Sundowner’s syndrome often co-occurs with another form of dementia, ...
Is it stressful to care for a loved one with Sundowner's syndrome?
It is undeniably stressful to care for a loved one with sundowner’s syndrome. Listening, caring, and patience are the hallmark traits of a successful sundowner’s management plan. Knowing how to recognize symptoms and decipher the underlying causes can help you make the best decisions for your loved one.
Can elderly people with Sundowner's syndrome be moved into assisted living?
In some cases, elderly people with Sundowner’s syndrome may become too much for caregivers to effectively manage at home. If you find yourself doubting your ability to provide the best care and a safe environment for your loved one, you may want to consider moving them into an assisted living facility or another appropriate residential facility.