What is the most commonly used method for drug analysis?
The most commonly used in analysis of illicit substances are electron ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), fast atom bombardment (FAB), and more recently direct analysis in real time (DART).
What are the new methods of water analysis?
Common new methods of water analysis often involve highly sophisticated electronic instrumentation not generally used on-site for plant control. Ion Chromatography is used to measure trace levels of anions in feedwater, steam, condensate, and boiler water.
How does mass spectrometry detect drugs?
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most discriminatory of the drug testing techniques. Mass spectrometry measures the precise molecular mass of ions as determined by their mass to charge ratio ( m / z) and is the current gold standard in forensic drug analysis [ 17 ]. In general, mass spectrometry requires separation, ionization, and finally detection.
What is NMR spectroscopy used for in water treatment?
This process is also useful for measuring organic fouling of resinsin demineralizer systems. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) provides an analytical tool to aid in determining the structure of organic polymers and other organic water treatment chemicals.
What is the most common method of plant control analysis?
Historically, titration has been the most common method of plant control analysis. Titration is based on the use of a buret, from which a standard solution is added to the sample until an "end point" is reached. The end point is generally indicated by a color change or detected by potentiometric device (e.g., pH meter).
Why do we need chemical analysis for water conditioning?
In industrial water conditioning, chemical analyses are needed to govern the treatment processes. Analysis should be conducted promptly after sample collection so that the chemical nature of the sample does not change. On-site testing may be supplemented by plant central laboratories or SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions' Customer Service Laboratories.
Why are hand held units widely accepted?
These hand-held units are widely accepted because they are rugged and easily carried from one location to another. The digital titrator is equivalent to a buret in the conventional titration methods. The titrator acts as a plunger and forces concentrated titrant from an attached plastic cartridge.
What is the most accurate way to measure the color of a reacted sample?
Photometers or spectrophotometers provide the most accurate means of measuring the color of a reacted sample. In field analysis applications, simple filter photometers have been replaced by monochromator-based spectrophotometers. The essential components of a spectrophotometer include the following:
What are the components of a spectrophotometer?
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include the following: n a stable source of radiant energy. a system of lenses, mirrors, and slits that define, collimate (make parallel), and focus the beam. a monochromator, to resolve the radiation into component wavelengths or "bands" of wavelengths. a transparent container to hold the sample.
What temperature should a sample be cooled to?
For most tests, the samples should be cooled to room temperature (21-26°C, 70-80°F) prior to testing. They should also be filtered through 0.2-2.5 µm filters, if required. METHODS OF ANALYSIS.
Is sample collection required for EPA?
The procedures are not for EPA or governmental reporting purposes and are not to be used where litigation may be involved. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION. In order to ensure that results obtained from an analysis are useful, it is necessary to secure a representative sample from the system to be tested.