To counter the solubility of mercury and other cationic metal chloride complexes, FGD wastewater can be treated with a cationic metal-binding polymer such as an organosulfide. Polymer is added to aid in removal by subsequent settling.
Which organosulfide is used to remove mercury from FGD wastewater?
One organosulfide that was promoted by Degussa Chemical for treatment of mercury in FGD wastewater is TMT-15. This compound is reported to be less toxic than DTC and is effective at treating mercury to parts-per-billion levels with conventional suspended solids removal processes (flocculation, clarification, and media filtration).
What is organosulfate made of?
Organosulfate. Alkyl sulfates consist of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, a polar sulfate group (containing an anion) and either a cation or amine to neutralize the sulfate group. Examples include: sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium salt) and related potassium and ammonium salts.
What are organosulfur compounds and why are they important?
Fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are derived from ancient organisms, necessarily contain organosulfur compounds, the removal of which is a major focus of oil refineries .
How do organosulfide precipitants lower the levels of cationic metals?
Adding organosulfide precipitants lowers the levels of cationic metals such as mercury. Iron, typically from ferric chloride, is added to coagulate suspended solids.
What are organophosphates used for?
Organophosphates are the most widely used insecticides today. They are used in agriculture, the home, gardens, and veterinary practice. Organophosphate insecticides (such as diazinon) are one type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase.
What chemicals are organophosphates?
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are a diverse group of chemicals used in both domestic and industrial settings. Examples of organophosphates include the following: Insecticides – Malathion, parathion, diazinon, fenthion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, ethion. Nerve gases – Soman, sarin, tabun, VX.
What do you mean by organophosphate?
Medical definitions for organophosphate n. Any of several organic compounds containing phosphorus, some of which are used as fertilizers and pesticides. Slang.
What is organophosphorus pesticide?
Organophosphorus insecticides are chemicals used to kill many types of insects. These chemicals account for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States, including those used on food crops. Most home uses of organophosphorus insecticides have been phased out in the United States.
What happens if you drink organophosphate?
Organophosphates are used as medications, insecticides, and nerve agents as a weapon. Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. The onset of symptoms is often within minutes, and it can take weeks to disappear.
Are organophosphates safe?
Organophosphates can be very toxic. However, certain classes of this group are more poisonous than others. Overall, t he effects of an organophosphate will depend on the type of chemical the person comes into contact with, concentration of exposure, length of time and way the person is exposed.
How much organophosphate is toxic?
OPs are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. There are nearly 3 million poisonings per year resulting in two hundred thousand deaths. Around 15% of people who are poisoned die as a result....Organophosphate poisoningFrequencyNearly 3 million per yearDeaths>200,000 per year11 more rows
What are the properties of organophosphates?
Effective organophosphates have the following structural features: A terminal oxygen connected to phosphorus by a double bond, i.e. a phosphoryl group. Two lipophilic groups bonded to the phosphorus. A leaving group bonded to the phosphorus, often a halide.
Where can you find organophosphate?
Organophosphate pesticides are found in Some flea and tick collars, shampoos, sprays, and powders for dogs and cats. Some garden pest control products and no-pest strips. Some fruits and vegetables. Small amounts of organophosphate pesticides found in these foods come from agricultural pesticide use.
Is glyphosate an organophosphate?
In pure chemical terms glyphosate is an organophosphate in that it contains carbon and phosphorous. However, it does not affect the nervous system in the same way as organophosphate insecticides, and is not a cholinesterase inhibitor. Glyphosate is a broad spectrum, non-selective systemic herbicide.
Are organophosphate pesticides banned?
All organophosphate insecticides are also toxic and potentially lethal to humans. Until 2000, chlorpyrifos was also used in homes for pest control. It was banned for indoor use after passage of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, which required additional protection of children's health.
What type of pollutant is organophosphates belongs to?
Organophosphorous pesticides belong to the category of insecticides since these are used in killing of the insects that damage the crops in the field.
Overview
Organosulfates are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the structure R-O-SO3 . The SO4 core is a sulfate group and the R group is any organic residue. All organosulfates are formally esters derived from alcohols and sulfuric acid, although many are not prepared in this way. Many sulfate esters are used in detergents, and some are useful reagents. Alkyl sulfates consist of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, a polar sulfate group (containing an ani…
Applications
Alkyl sulfates are commonly used as an anionic surfactant in liquid soaps and detergents used to clean wool, as surface cleaners, and as active ingredients in laundry detergents, shampoos and conditioners. They can also be found in household products such as toothpaste, antacids, cosmetics and foods. Generally they are found in consumer products at concentrations ranging from 3-20%. In 2003 approximately 118,000 t/a of alkyl sulfates were used in the US
Synthetic organosulfates
A common example is sodium lauryl sulfate, with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na. Also common in consumer products are the sulfate esters of ethoxylated fatty alcohols such as those derived from lauryl alcohol. An example is sodium laureth sulfate, an ingredient in some cosmetics.
Alkylsulfate can be produced from alcohols, which in turn are obtained by hydrogenation of animal or vegetable oils and fats or using the Ziegler process or through oxo synthesis. If produced from
Dialkylsulfates
A less common family of organosulfates have the formula RO-SO2-OR'. They are prepared from sulfuric acid and the alcohol. The main examples are diethyl sulfate and dimethyl sulfate, colourless liquids that are used as reagents in organic synthesis. These compounds are potentially dangerous alkylating agents. Dialkylsulfates do not occur in nature.
Natural sulfate esters
Several classes of sulfate esters exist in nature. Especially common are sugar derivatives such as keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and the anticoagulant heparin. Post-translational modifications of some proteins entail sulfation, often at the phenol group of tyrosine residues. A steroidal sulfate is estradiol sulfate, a latent precursor to the hormone estrogen.
Safety
Because they are widely used in commercial products, the safety aspects of organosulfates are heavily investigated.
Alkyl sulfates if ingested are well-absorbed and are metabolized into a C3, C4 or C5 sulfate and an additional metabolite. The highest irritant of the alkyl sulfates is sodium laurylsulfate, with the threshold before irritation at a concentration of 20%. Surfactants in consumer products are typica…