Fertility treatment or more properly assisted reproductive technology is a set of treatments designed to help couples overcome infertility. Assisted reproductive technology at Wikipedia Categories
What are the pros and cons of fertility treatments?
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory. After the fertilised egg undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, …
What are the different kinds of fertility treatments?
Fertility is the natural capability to give life. In humans and animals, fertility means that the parent can produce babies. More precisely, fertility is the capacity of an individual or population to produce viable offspring. By 'viable' is meant 'able to live and reproduce'. In agriculture, fertility means that a soil can support the growth of plants because it contains the right minerals and …
What is the best fertility treatment?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Assisted reproductive technology ( ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of fertility medication.
What are the risks of fertility treatment?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fertility tourism (also referred to as reproductive tourism or cross border reproductive care) is the practice of traveling to another country or jurisdiction for fertility treatment, and may be regarded as a form of medical tourism.
What is fertility treatment meaning?
Fertility treatment typically refers to medications that stimulate egg or sperm production, or procedures that involve the handling of eggs, sperm, or embryos.Apr 20, 2020
What are the 3 main types of fertility treatments?
There are 3 main types of fertility treatment:medicines.surgical procedures.assisted conception – including intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
What are the different types of fertility treatments?
The 7 Top Fertility Treatments Used by Couples Who Need Help...Artificial insemination (AI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI)In vitro fertilization (IVF)Natural cycle IVF.Donor eggs.Surrogacy.Egg freezing.Fertility drugs.Mar 31, 2021
What is fertility treatment and why do people use it?
IVF is done to help a woman become pregnant. It is used to treat many causes of infertility, including: Advanced age of the woman (advanced maternal age) Damaged or blocked Fallopian tubes (can be caused by pelvic inflammatory disease or prior reproductive surgery)Jan 1, 2020
What is the first step of fertility treatments?
Blood tests to determine hidden factors, as well as to analyze reproductive hormone levels. Ovarian function tests, including FSH/AMH levels, ultrasound to look at follicles as they mature and to make sure you are ovulating. Luteal phase testing to look at progesterone levels after ovulation.Jul 7, 2020
How is fertility treatment done?
During IVF , mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs (embryos) are transferred to a uterus. One full cycle of IVF takes about three weeks. Sometimes these steps are split into different parts and the process can take longer.Sep 10, 2021
When should you start fertility treatment?
If you're younger than 35 years old and have been trying to get pregnant for a year, you are likely a good candidate for fertility treatments. If you're 35 or older, many clinics advise making an appointment after six months of trying, as fertility decreases with age.Aug 10, 2021
How successful is infertility treatment?
Overall, the success rate of fertility treatment is about 50%. That means about half of all couples who seek treatment end up pregnant. However, the success of treatment varies from person to person.
What is the definition of infertility?
In general, infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant (conceive) after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex. Because fertility in women is known to decline steadily with age, some providers evaluate and treat women aged 35 years or older after 6 months of unprotected sex.
Is fertility treatment painful?
Fertility Medications Patients may experience some discomfort as the injection is being administered. The level of this pain depends on how comfortable the patient is with needles and shots. The IVF medications are associated with a range of side effects, one of which is abdominal cramping.Mar 5, 2021
Can I get fertility treatment to have twins?
Clomiphene and gonadotropins are commonly used fertility drugs that can increase your chances of having twins. Clomiphene is a medication available only through prescription. In the United States, the brand names for the drug are Clomid and Serophene.
What is the purpose of fertility medication?
Fertility medications, also known as fertility drugs, are medications which enhance reproductive fertility. For women, fertility medication is used to stimulate follicle development of the ovary. There are very few fertility medication options available for men. Agents that enhance ovarian activity can be classified as either gonadotropin releasing ...
Why is fertility treatment discontinued?
Main reasons for discontinuation across all types of fertility treatment and treatment stage, are "postponement of treatment, physical and psychological burden and relational and personal problems".
What is clomiphene used for?
Clomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It is the most widely used fertility drug. Other medications in this class include tamoxifen and raloxifene, although both are not as effective as clomiphene and are thus less widely used for fertility purposes. They are used in ovulation induction by inhibiting the negative feedback of estrogen at the hypothalamus. As the negative feedback of estrogen is inhibited, the hypothalamus secretes GnRh which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH which help in ovulation. Between 60 and 85% of women, mostly with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovulate successfully in response to clomiphene with a cumulative pregnancy rate of 30 to 40%.
What are the main techniques used to induce fertility?
Main techniques. The main techniques involving fertility medication in females are: Ovulation induction, with the aim of producing one or two ovulatory follicles for fertilization by sexual intercourse or artificial insemination.
What is the hormone of pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin. Main article: Human chorionic gonadotropin § Use as medication. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), also known as the “hormone of pregnancy” is a hormone that is normally produced during pregnancy and plays an integral role throughout reproduction.
What hormones are produced from the ovaries?
Gonadotropins. Gonadotropins are protein hormones that stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries). For medication, they can be extracted from urine in postmenopausal women or through genetic modification and bacterial recombination. Examples of recombinant FSH are Follistim and Gonal F, while Luveris is a recombinant LH.
What hormones are used in combination with luteinizing hormone?
Main article: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or any gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (such as Lupron) may be used in combination with luteinizing hormone (LH) using an infusion pump to simulate endogenous hormone production.
What is IVF in ovulation?
For other uses, see IVF (disambiguation). In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the female body, in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a person's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from their ovaries and letting sperm fertilise ...
What are some examples of IVF mix ups?
An example is the case of a woman in California who received the embryo of another couple and was notified of this mistake after the birth of her son. This has led to many authorities and individual clinics implementing procedures to minimise the risk of such mix-ups. The HFEA, for example, requires clinics to use a double witnessing system, the identity of specimens is checked by two people at each point at which specimens are transferred. Alternatively, technological solutions are gaining favour, to reduce the manpower cost of manual double witnessing, and to further reduce risks with uniquely numbered RFID tags which can be identified by readers connected to a computer. The computer tracks specimens throughout the process and alerts the embryologist if non-matching specimens are identified. Although the use of RFID tracking has expanded in the US, it is still not widely adopted.
How much does it cost to get IVF in Canada?
In Canada, one cycle of IVF treatment can cost between $7,750 to $12,250 CAD, and medications alone can cost between $2,500 to over $7,000 CAD. The funding mechanisms that influence accessibility in Canada vary by province and territory, with some provinces providing full, partial or no coverage.
How long does it take for an egg to be implanted in the uterus?
After the fertilised egg ( zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days , it is implanted in the same or another person's uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy . IVF is a type of assisted reproductive technology used for infertility treatment and gestational surrogacy.
How old are Australians when they have IVF?
In Australia, the average age of people undergoing ART treatment is 35.5 years among those using their own eggs (one in four being 40 or older) and 40.5 years among those using donated eggs. While IVF is available in Australia, Australians using IVF are unable to choose their baby's gender.
What is a test tube baby?
A colloquial term for babies conceived as the result of IVF, "test tube babies", refers to the tube-shaped containers of glass or plastic resin, called test tubes, that are commonly used in chemistry and biology labs.
Why is cytoplasmic transfer important?
Cytoplasmic transfer was created to aid people who experience infertility due to deficient or damaged mitochondria, contained within an egg's cytoplasm.
Where is the fertility clinic in India?
Fertility Clinic near Chennai, India. Fertility clinics are medical clinics that assist couples, and sometimes individuals, who want to become parents but for medical reasons have been unable to achieve this goal via the natural course.
What is the treatment for a sperm donor?
Treatment. Treatment may include ovulation induction, surgical interventions, artificial insemination, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or the use of an egg donor or a sperm donor. In vitro fertilization is the most well known of the assisted reproductive technology procedures performed at a fertility clinic.
Which organization compiles statistics for IVF?
The Centers for Disease Control requires outcome data be reported to the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) which is the organization that compiles statistics. Fertility clinics are often compared by these IVF success rates.
How to treat infertility?
Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of ovulation induction maybe used. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body.
What percentage of infertility is due to ovulatory problems?
Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts. In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found. The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods.
What are the causes of infertility in women?
common causes of infertility in females are annouvulation, blocked fallopian tube ,hormonal imbalance e.t.c. while the common causes in men is low sperm count,abnormal sperm morphology. Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.
What is primary infertility?
Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives. The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.
What is the definition of infertility?
The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows: Infertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea ).
How long does it take for an infertile woman to have conceived?
One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse.
Why do men have low sperm count?
In men who have the necessary reproductive organs to procreate, infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to endocrine problems, drugs, radiation, or infection. There may be testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of the man's duct system.
What does it mean when you are infertile?
When a person is infertile it means that they are unable to have a child naturally. Infertility is define as the inability to fall pregnant or carry a pregnancy until birth after 12 months or more of unprotected sex. About 10% of people are infertile. This means that 1 in 10 people will not be able to conceive a child naturally. There are many causes of infertility some of them can be treated. As a woman gets older, her fertility declines. After menopause a woman is no longer fertile.
Does sperm count decrease with age?
There is evidence that male reproduction abilities are reduced with higher age. Sperm count is becoming smaller with age, with men aged 50–80 years producing 75% of sperm compared with 20–50 years old males. If the sperm count is too low, a man could increase it with herbal and chemical supplements. Even larger change can be seen in the number of seminiferous tubules produced by males at different age stages:
What is assisted reproductive technology?
Assisted reproductive technology ( ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of fertility medication.
What is ICSI in IVF?
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt (s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle.
What is an ART procedure?
In general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman.".
What is the process of transferring embryos to the uterus?
Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are: Assisted zona hatching (AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus.
How many births did assisted reproductive technology have in 2006?
As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures in 2006, resulting in 55,000 births.
Which countries do not have IVF subsidies?
The seven others, which do not, are Ireland, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Romania . Such subsidies are subject to conditions, however. In Belgium, a fixed payment of €1,073 is made for each full cycle of the IVF process.
When did anonymous sperm donation end?
In the UK, anonymous sperm donations ended in 2005 and children have access to the identity of the donor when they reach adulthood. In France, the principle of anonymous donations of sperm or embryos is maintained in the law of bioethics of 2011, but a new bill under discussion may change the situation.
What is fertility tourism?
Fertility tourism (also referred to as reproductive tourism or cross border reproductive care) is the practice of traveling to another country or jurisdiction for fertility treatment, and may be regarded as a form of medical tourism. One can usually be considered as having fertility issues when they are unable to have a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of attempts with intercourse. Infertility, or the inability to get pregnant, affects about 8-12% of couples looking to conceive or 186 million people globally. In some places, rates of infertility surpass the global average and can go up to 30% depending on the country. Areas with lack of resources, such as assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), tend to correlate with the highest rates of infertility.
How long does it take for a woman to have fertility issues?
One can usually be considered as having fertility issues when they are unable to have a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of attempts with intercourse. Infertility, or the inability to get pregnant, affects about 8-12% of couples looking to conceive or 186 million people globally.
How many IVF clinics are there in Iran?
The "Iranian ART revolution" is the term coined for the movement that has allowed the advancement of infertility treatment in Iran so much so that the country has over 70 IVF clinics, thus making it the one of the countries with the highest amount of clinics in the Middle East.
What religions support surrogacy?
There are many differing religious views surrounding surrogacy with regards to lineage and heritability, motherhood, and marital fidelity. Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, and other Christian denominations outside of Catholicism generally approve of surrogacy, but each with some concerns.
How much does a surrogate cost in Ukraine?
Ukrainian surrogate mother are mostly from small towns or rural areas. The full surrogate package may cost around $50,000, with the surrogate receiving less than 50% of that amount. Surrogates in Ukraine have zero parental rights over the child, as stated on Article 123 of the Family Code of Ukraine.
Where did British women go to insemination?
As a consequence of the shortage of donor sperm in UK in the late 1990s and the early years of the 21st century, British women travelled to Belgium and Spain for donor insemination, until those two countries changed their laws and imposed a maximum number of children one donor may produce.
Which country has the best sperm export system?
Denmark. Denmark has a well-developed system of sperm export. This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality and, in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple.
What is male infertility?
Male infertility. Specialty. Urology. Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. In humans it accounts for 40–50% of infertility. It affects approximately 7% of all men.
How do you diagnose infertility?
Diagnosis. The diagnosis of infertility begins with a medical history and physical exam by a physician, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner. Typically two separate semen analyses will be required. The provider may order blood tests to look for hormone imbalances, medical conditions, or genetic issues.
What are the factors that affect the genital system after testicular sperm production?
Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation: Vas deferens obstruction. Lack of Vas deferens, often related to genetic markers for cystic fibrosis.
What causes sperm to lose quality as men age?
DNA damage. Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage .
How much did sperm count decrease in India?
Males from India suffered a 30.3% decline in sperm count, 22.9% decline in sperm motility, and a 51% decrease in morphology over a span of a decade. Doctors in India disclosed that the sperm count of a fertile Indian male had decreased by a third over a span of three decades.
How many couples are affected by infertility?
Currently, there are no solid numbers on how many couples worldwide experience infertility, but the World Health Organization estimates between 60 and 80 million couples are affected. The population in different regions suffer from varying amounts of infertility.
Is impotence a determinant of infertility?
In places like Egypt, Zimbabwe, and Mexico, erectile dysfunction also known as impotence, is considered a determinant of infertility. When stereotypical ideals of manhood are virility and strength, men sharing problems of infertility can face feelings of inadequacy, unworthiness, and have thoughts of suicide.
What is the purpose of in vitro fertilization?
In vitro fertilisation. In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a way to let sperm fertilise egg cells outside of the womb. IVF is used so that infertile women may still have children. IVF is done by: The sperm and egg are added together and a sperm will fertilise an egg.
How is IVF done?
IVF is done by: Injecting a chemical drug to stop a woman's menstrual cycle. Injecting FSH so that an ova is released from the woman's ovaries. HCG is injected to loosen the ova. The ova is removed from the vagina. A sample of sperm is taken. The sperm and egg are added together and a sperm will fertilise an egg.
Who was the first person to be born as a result of in vitro fertilization?
Louise Brown, a female born in 1978 in Manchester, England, was the first ever person to be born as a result of in vitro fertilisation. Some religious organisations believe that adoption is a better course of action for infertile couples. They think IVF is wrong because it is unnatural.
Overview
Fertility medications, also known as fertility drugs, are medications which enhance reproductive fertility. For women, fertility medication is used to stimulate follicle development of the ovary. There are very few fertility medication options available for men.
Agents that enhance ovarian activity can be classified as either gonadotropin releasing hormone, estrogen antagonists or gonadotropins.
Female
The main techniques involving fertility medication in females are:
• Ovulation induction, with the aim of producing one or two ovulatory follicles for fertilization by sexual intercourse or artificial insemination
• Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, which is generally part of in vitro fertilization, and the aim is generally to develop multiple follicles (optimally between 11 and 14 antral folli…
Male
Testosterone therapy (TTh), which aims to restore testosterone levels to mid-normal ranges in men diagnosed with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is an approved treatment.
Treatment for oligospermia is centered around underlying causes, such as endocrine and systematic disorders that can cause hypogonadism.
Typically, other assisted reproductive technologiesare used. Although there is no FDA indication …
Adverse effects
Since infertility increases the risk of ovarian cancer, fertility drugs have been used to combat this but the cancer risks are still not completely known. As of 2019, there have been studies that have shown the risk of developing ovarian cancer is higher when taking fertility medications however due to the low number of studies, lack of follow-up time and other contribution factors, the risk is unclear. Most studies conducted have shown that fertility drugs do not increase the risk of othe…
Discontinuation
Main reasons for discontinuation across all types of fertility treatment and treatment stage, are "postponement of treatment, physical and psychological burden and relational and personal problems".
See also
• Assisted reproductive technology
• Diethylstilbestrol
Overview
- Fertility clinics are medical clinics that assist couples, and sometimes individuals, who want to become parents but for medical reasons have been unable to achieve this goal via the natural course. Clinics apply a number of diagnosis tests and sometimes very advanced medical treatments to achieve conceptions and pregnancies.
Clinic staff
- Fertility clinics are staffed with trained personnel including reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, sonographers, nurses, lab technicians and administrative staff. Additional specialists from acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and nutrition may also be part of the team. You will need one person for each 150 cycles of ICSI /IVF. If you are less than that you may have proble…
Diagnosis
- Fertility clinics look to both males and females for diagnosis of fertility problems. Diagnosis has shown that fertility problems arise 35% of the time from males, 35% from female, 20% from combined issues, and 10% from unexplained causes. For the male, semen collection is a standard diagnostic test to ascertain problems with the semen quality, while females may undergo a num…
Treatment
- Treatment may include ovulation induction, surgical interventions, artificial insemination, such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, or the use of an egg donor or a sperm donor. In vitro fertilization is the most well known of the assisted reproductive technology procedures performed at a fertility clinic. Advanced male infertility treatments such as TESA is also provided by fertility …
Comparing clinics
- The Centers for Disease Control requires outcome data be reported to the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology which is the organization that compiles statistics. Fertility clinics are often compared by these IVF success rates. However, it is important to note that SART puts a caution at bottom of each report that reads "Patient characteristics vary among programs; there…
In fiction
- Medical dramas set in a fertility clinic include Inconceivable, which ran for two episodes in 2005 before being cancelled, and The Family Man, a British series in three parts. Furthermore, Private Practice is set in a clinic that offers fertility services to a large extent. The Gilmore Girls character Paris Geller was revealed to be running a fertility clinic of her own in the revival series Gilmore Gi…
Definition
- "Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age," whereas the epidemiological definition refers to "trying for" or "time to" a pregnancy, generally in a population of women exposed to a probability of conception. Currently, female fertility normally peaks at age 24 and diminishes after 30, with...
Effects
- Psychological
The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and a… - Social
Having a child is considered to be important in general society. Infertile couples may be exposed to social and family pressure which lead to their social isolation. This event has a negative effect on the way in which the couple could experience an infertility treatment.Moreover the socioecon…
Causes
- Regarding the human fertility, we can say that in general it is not a problem related to the male or the female partner, but it is a couple condition. Indeed usually the 30% of total cases is represent by male causes, another 30% by female cause, another 10% by combined male and female causes and the last 30% by idiopathic cause, such as that situations in which there is a condition of infe…
Diagnosis
- If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner(WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. The doctor or WHNP may also be able to suggest lifestyle changes to increase the chances of conceiving. Women over the age of 35 sho…
Treatment
- Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy. Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or compl…
Epidemiology
- Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. 1. Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fecunditydue to an increase in age. 2. Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK. Most couples (about 84%) who have regular sexual intercourse (that is, every …
Society and Culture
- Perhaps except for infertility in science fiction, films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.Yet, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is ever-growing, and th…
See Also
References
- Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt". Social Science & Medicine. 56 (9): 1837–1851. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)0020...
- Lock, Margaret and Vinh-Kim Nguyen. 2011. An anthropology of biomedicine: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science r…
- Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt". Social Science & Medicine. 56 (9): 1837–1851. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)0020...
- Lock, Margaret and Vinh-Kim Nguyen. 2011. An anthropology of biomedicine: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). "Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points". Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn. 2 (3): 194–...
Further Reading
- Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. London: RCOG Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-900364-97-3.
- Anjani Chandra et al. (2013). Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Hum...
- Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. London: RCOG Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-900364-97-3.
- Anjani Chandra et al. (2013). Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Hum...
- Pamela Mahoney Tsigdinos (2009). Silent Sorority: A Barren Woman Gets Busy, Angry, Lost and Found. BookSurge Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4392-3156-2.