What does BAP1 mean in medical terms?
Molecular Pathogenesis BAP1encodes BAP1, a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase. BAP1 is a nuclear-localized deubiquitinating enzyme and acts as a chromatin-associated protein that is part of large multiprotein complexes that both positively and negatively regulate cellular proliferation (reviewed in Daou et al [2015]).
What are the treatment guidelines for bap1-mme?
UM: because of the increased aggressiveness of BAP1-related UM, management should be the same as the more aggressive class 2 or monosomy3 tumors. MMe treatment per oncologist familiar with BAP1-MMe; RCC treatment per established management guidelines. Prevention of primary manifestations:UM: avoid arc-welding.
What happens when the BAP1 gene is altered?
Mutations in the BAP1 gene lead to production of an altered protein that cannot function normally and may be broken down prematurely.
Is basal BAP1 a tumor suppressor?
Bap1 is a bona fide tumor suppressor: genetic evidence from mouse models carrying heterozygous germline Bap1 mutations. Cancer Res. 2016;76:2836–44. [PMC free article: PMC4873414] [PubMed: 26896281]
How do biological treatment systems work?
The first is to remove some of them by use of a pretreatment step. The second is to employ the process of gradual acclimation of the biological treatment system to the wastewaters.
What is the acclimated biological treatment system consisting of three extended aeration basins in series?
An acclimated biological treatment system consisting of three extended aeration basins in series has been developed. Phenols are removed in the first basin, oxidation of both ammonia and cyanide takes place in the second basin, and the third basin (nonaerated) is used to remove nitrogen via the denitrification process.
What are the biological processes used in wetland systems?
The basic biological treatment processes used in the system include waste stabilization ponds and constructed wetland systems, trickling (or percolating) filter systems, and activated sludge systems. An aerobic stabilization pond is a large and shallow excavation in the ground, where the treatment of the waste occurs by natural processes involving the use of both bacteria and algae. In aerobic ponds, oxygen is supplied by natural surface re-aeration and by algal photosynthesis. Higher animals such as rotifers and protozoa are also present in the pond. Their main function is to predate on the bacteria, and to a lesser extent on algae, which helps in controlling the suspended solids (SS) concentration in the effluent. Ponds in which the stabilization of wastes is brought about by a combination of aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria are known as facultative stabilization ponds. The three zones in such ponds include a surface zone where aerobic bacteria and algae exist in a symbiotic relationship, an intermediate zone that is partly aerobic and partly anaerobic in which the decomposition of organic matter is carried out by facultative bacteria, and an anaerobic bottom zone in which accumulated solids are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.
What is the acclimation step of wastewater treatment?
The acclimation step involves subjecting the biological treatment system, activated sludge, for instance, to gradually increasing levels of the toxic substances in the full strength wastewater, until full-strength wastewater is being treated.
What is aerobic stabilization pond?
An aerobic stabilization pond is a large and shallow excavation in the ground, where the treatment of the waste occurs by natural processes involving the use of both bacteria and algae. In aerobic ponds, oxygen is supplied by natural surface re-aeration and by algal photosynthesis. Higher animals such as rotifers and protozoa are also present in ...
What is biological treatment of industrial wastewater?
Biological treatment of industrial wastewater is a process whereby organic substances are used as food by bacteria and other microorganisms. Almost any organic substance can be used as food by one or more species of bacteria, fungi, ciliates, rotifers, or other microorganisms.
How much of the organic matter is removed by biological treatment?
Biological treatment is expected to remove 85% of the entering organic matter measured as BOD and suspended solids. Most biological processes exceed this level of performance because virtually all of the biodegradable material entering is at least partially degraded.
How is biological therapy given?
Depending on the agent, biological therapies can be given by mouth, intravenously, or as an injection.
What is biological therapy?
Readers Comments 3. Share Your Story. Biological therapy is a form of treatment that uses portions of the body's natural immune system to treat a disease. Biological therapy is also used to protect the body from some of the side effects of certain treatments. Biological therapy often involves the use of substances called biological response ...
Why do scientists produce BRMs?
Using modern laboratory techniques, scientists can produce BRMs in large amount s for use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Biological therapy may also target specific molecules on cancer ...
What are some examples of BRMs?
For example, interleukin-2 and interferon are two examples of BRMs being tested for the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Monoclonal antibodies are a common type of biological therapy for many different cancers and other conditions.
What is the treatment for B cell lymphoma?
The therapy is administered via an IV, and the monoclonal antibodies bind to the cancer cells and augment the immune system's ability to destroy cancer cells. Rituximab (Rituxan) is such a drug used in the treatment of B cell lymphoma. Side effects for this treatment are usually flu-like ...
What is the purpose of immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy is a form of treatment that involves using the body’s natural immune system to treat a condition. Immunity stimulation to treat certain diseases such as cancers. This may be preferable in children who are less able to tolerate the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation.
Do side effects of biological therapy subside?
Side effects are usually short-term and gradually subside after treatment ends. The long-term side effects of the various currently available biological therapies will be better defined with future research from which will also surely emerge new and valuable forms of these treatments.
What is the inheritance of BAP1?
Inheritance. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered BAP1 gene increases the chance of developing one or more tumors. In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition. People with a mutation in the BAP1 gene inherit an increased risk of tumor formation.
What is the cause of BAP1?
Causes. Expand Section. BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome is caused by mutations in the BAP1 gene. The BAP1 protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means it helps prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Its function is to remove molecules called ubiquitin from certain proteins (deubiquitination), ...
What happens to BAP1 in tumor cells?
Together, the germline and somatic mutations result in a complete loss of BAP1 protein function in tumor cells. A shortage of this protein's function likely impairs the removal of ubiquitin from certain proteins.
What is the most common cancer in BAP1?
A type of eye cancer called uveal melanoma is the most common cancerous tumor in BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome. Although uveal melanoma does not usually cause any symptoms, some people with this type of cancer have blurred vision; small, moving dots (floaters) or flashes of light in their vision; headaches; or a visible dark spot on the eye.
What is BAP1 predisposition syndrome?
BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome is an inherited disorder that increases the risk of a variety of cancerous (malignant) and noncancerous (benign) tumors, most commonly certain types of tumors that occur in the skin, eyes, kidneys, and the tissue that lines the chest, abdomen, and the outer surface of the internal organs ...
Where does BAP1 occur?
When associated with BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, malignant mesothelioma most often occurs in the membrane that lines the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs (the peritoneum). It less commonly occurs in the outer covering of the lungs (the pleura). A form of kidney cancer called clear cell renal cell carcinoma is also associated with ...
Does BAP1 cancer survive?
Survival of affected individuals with this syndrome is usually shorter than in other people who have one of these cancers. However, individuals with malignant mesothelioma as part of the BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome appear to survive longer than those who have the cancer without the syndrome.
What is biological wastewater treatment?
Biological wastewater treatment entails the use of an active microbial biomass to degrade soluble organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds in a manner that sustains the growth of the biomass.
What chapter does nutrient dosing in wastewater treatment?
Chapter 3, Reactivating Bacterial Community and Biochemical Events, demonstrated the nutrient exhaustion inside a bioreactor-based treatment process, and in Chapter 4 , Dosing With Product From the Waste: Use of Fractionsm we discussed in detail nutrient dosing. The reactivation of a nutrient exhausted bioreactor by nutrient dosing would be not only an eventual requirement, but also would arguably be the best possible method to improve the bioreactor’s performance.
What do thriving microbial assemblages feed on?
The thriving microbial assemblages feed on the root exudates for their metabolism and favor microbial oxidation of the azo dye’s reduced products that fasten their mineralization. The plants uptake some of the reduced and simplified products of dye, produced in the anaerobic region, for their growth.
