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What is Echinococcus and how is it treated?
Echinococcus is an infection caused by a parasitic tapeworm from the Echinococcus genus. A few different types of tapeworms can cause echinococcus in humans, including: E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, and E. vogeli. In some cases, the organs affected depend on which type of tapeworm has caused your infection.
Is there a cure for alveolar echinococcosis?
However, surgery remains the most effective treatment to remove the cyst and can lead to a complete cure. Some cysts are not causing any symptoms and are inactive; those cysts often go away without any treatment. The treatment of alveolar echinococcosis is more difficult than cystic echinococcosis and usually requires radical surgery,...
How do you prevent echinococcosis in dogs?
Alveolar echinococcosis can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes, and dogs and their fecal matter and by limiting the interactions between dogs and rodent populations. Do not allow dogs to feed on rodents and other wild animals.
What is the treatment for cystic echinococcal cysts?
Treatment. In the past, surgery was the only treatment for cystic echinococcal cysts. Chemotherapy, cyst puncture, and PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals and reaspiration) have been used to replace surgery as effective treatments for cystic echinococcosis. However, surgery remains the most effective treatment to remove...
How long does Anti Echinococcus treatment last?
The differences between the single treatment (1-5 days) and the 28-day rule: The single treatment that is given 1-5 days before travelling from a country that is not free of echinococcus to a country that is free of echinococcus is the usual way to implement the treatment.
What causes echinococcosis?
Parasites - Echinococcosis Cystic echinocccosis (CE), also known as hydatid disease, is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a ~2–7 millimeter long tapeworm found in dogs (definitive host) and sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs (intermediate hosts).
What is the drug of choice for echinococcosis?
Medication Summary Albendazole and mebendazole are the only anthelmintics effective against cystic echinococcosis. Albendazole is the drug of choice against this disease because its degree of systemic absorption and penetration into hydatid cysts is superior to that of mebendazole.
How do you control cystic echinococcosis?
Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas where dogs are allowed and preventing animals from consuming meat infected with cysts. Prevent dogs from feeding on the carcasses of infected sheep. Control stray dog populations.
Is echinococcosis treatable?
Chemotherapy, cyst puncture, and PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals and reaspiration) have been used to replace surgery as effective treatments for cystic echinococcosis. However, surgery remains the most effective treatment to remove the cyst and can lead to a complete cure.
How serious is a cyst on your liver?
Liver cysts are usually benign, which means they are not cancerous. However, around 5 percent of liver cysts are cystic tumors. Very rarely, these cystic tumors can become malignant and can spread beyond the liver. Because of this, doctors will usually recommend surgery to remove a cystic tumor completely.
Which is better albendazole or mebendazole?
Both agents were equally very effective (100% cure rate) in treating ascariasis. Albendazole was clearly more active than mebendazole against hookworm infections, both in terms of egg reduction rate (92.8% vs. 62.4%) and cure rate (81.8% vs. 17.2%).
What parasite causes cysts?
What is cysticercosis? Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. The larvae get into tissues such as muscle and brain, and form cysts there (these are called cysticerci).
Can you take praziquantel and albendazole together?
Albendazole (ABZ) has been used together with praziquantel (PZQ) before for geohelminths, echinococcosis and cysticercosis, but their combined use is not yet formally recommended and only scarce, discrepant data exist on their pharmacokinetics when given together.
How is Echinococcus multilocularis treated?
multilocularis is treated with praziquantel, the same medication that is used to treat other tapeworm species. This medication can be given by mouth or as an injection. In rare cases, dogs may develop internal cysts related to E. multilocularis (similar to human infection).
How is Echinococcus diagnosed?
granulosus is endemic suggests a diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans, ultrasonography, and MRIs, are used to detect cysts. After a cyst has been detected, serologic tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Alveolar echinococcosis is typically found in older people.
Can parasites cause kidney cysts?
Primary renal hydatid cyst is caused by ingestion of the parasite eggs in contaminated food, water or soil, or through direct contact with animal hosts.
What is echinococcus caused by?
What is echinococcus? Echinococcus is an infection caused by a parasitic tapeworm from the Echinococcus genus. A few different types of tapeworms can cause echinococcus in humans, including: E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, and E. vogeli. In some cases, the organs affected depend on which type of tapeworm has caused your infection.
How to avoid tapeworms?
This includes enforcing meat inspection procedures. Avoiding undercooked or raw beef, pork, and fish can also help you avoid echinococcus.
Can a chest X-ray show echinococcus?
For example, they may use a chest X-ray to rule out other types of infection. Your doctor may also use an abdominal MRI or CT scan to make their diagnosis. Because the incubation period can be long, echinococcus parasites may be discovered while your doctor is performing medical tests for other reasons.
What causes echinococcosis in humans?
Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by parasites, namely tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. Echinococcosis occurs in 4 forms: 1 cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease or hydatidosis, caused by infection with a species complex centred on Echinococcus granulosus; 2 alveolar echinococcosis, caused by infection with E. multilocularis; 3 two forms of neotropical echinococcosis: polycystic caused by infection with E. vogeli; and 4 unicystic caused by E. oligarthrus.
Why is it so difficult to monitor echinococcosis in animals?
Surveillance for cystic echinococcosis in animals is difficult because the infection is asymptomatic in livestock and dogs. Surveillance is also not recognized or prioritized by communities or local veterinary services.
What are the two most important forms of echinococcosis?
The two most important forms, which are of medical and public health relevance in humans, are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE).
Why is deworming important?
Regular deworming of domestic carnivores that have access to wild rodents should help to reduce the risk of infection in humans. Deworming of wild and stray definitive hosts with anthelminthic baits resulted in significant reductions in alveolar echinococcosis prevalence in European and Japanese studies.
What are the losses of livestock due to cystic echinococcosis?
Depending on the infected species involved, livestock production losses attributable to cystic echinococcosis result from liver condemnation and may also involve reduction in carcass weight, decrease in hide value, decrease of milk production, and reduced fertility.
What is the transmission cycle of echinococcosis?
The transmission cycle of cystic echinococcosis (CE) involves dogs, and intermediate hosts, commonly sheep. In order to break the transmission cycle, control measures need to consider those animals.
Where is cystic echinococcosis most prevalent?
In endemic regions, human incidence rates for cystic echinococcosis can reach more than 50 per 100 000 person-years, and prevalence levels as high as 5%–10% may occur in parts of Argentina, Peru, East Africa, Central Asia and China.
How is cystic echinococcosis controlled?
Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas where dogs are allowed and preventing animals from consuming meat infected with cysts.
How to prevent alveolar echinococcosis?
Alveolar echinococcosis can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes, and dogs and their fecal matter and by limiting the interactions between dogs and rodent populations . Do not allow dogs to feed on rodents and other wild animals.
Drugs used to treat Echinococcus
The following list of medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of this condition.
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
How to prevent echinococcosis in dogs?
The best way to prevent echinococcosis is to prevent your dog from roaming and ingesting live or dead rodents. It is also important to limit your dog’s exposure to the feces of sheep, cattle, and pigs, as these animals can also shed echinococcus eggs in their feces.
Where is echinococcosis found?
In the Northern Hemisphere, this tapeworm is E. multilocularis. This parasite is found primarily in Canada and the Midwestern United States, though its range appears to be extending south and east over time.
What is the treatment for E. multilocularis?
E. multilocularis is treated with praziquantel, the same medication that is used to treat other tapeworm species. This medication can be given by mouth or as an injection. In rare cases, dogs may develop internal cysts related to E. multilocularis (similar to human infection).
What is E. multilocularis?
E. multilocularis is primarily a parasite of coyotes and foxes, but it also spends a portion of its lifecycle within rodents ( rodents are intermediate hosts ). Dogs can become infected with echinococcosis by eating an infected rodent (e.g., mice and squirrels) or other small mammals, such as rabbits.
What is echinococcus zoonosis?
Echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus cestode worms. The two major species of medical importance are Echinococcus granulosus and E multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. CE and especially AE are life threatening chronic diseases with a high fatality rate ...
Who funded the study of echinococcosis?
Funding: The authors’ studies on echinococcosis have received financial support from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research.
What is echinococcosis caused by?
Echinococcosis (hydatid disease) is caused by the larvae of dog and fox tapeworms (cestodes) of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). 1 2 3 This zoonosis is characterised by long term growth of metacestode (hydatid) cysts in humans and mammalian intermediate hosts. The two major species that infect humans are E granulosus and E multilocularis, ...
Which two species of echinococcus are most likely to infect humans?
The two major species that infect humans are E granulosus and E multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). A few reported cases of polycystic echinococcosis in Central and South America are caused by E vogeli and E oligarthrus. 2 w1 w2 The clinical potential of two other Echinococcus species ...
Where do echinococcus eggs hatch?
Swallowed Echinococcus eggs hatch in the intestine to release oncospheres which pass through the gut wall and are carried in the blood system to various internal organs where they develop into hydatid cysts. E granulosus cysts are found mainly in the liver or lungs of humans and intermediate hosts.
What is the best treatment for CE cysts?
Antiparasite drug treatment. The benzimidazoles—albendazole and mebendazole —are generally regarded as the most effective drugs for treating uncomplicated CE cysts and as an alternative to invasive surgery. Mebendazole was used in the 1970 and 1980s, but albendazole is now the drug of choice.
Transmission
Signs and Symptoms
- Cystic echinococcosis / hydatid disease
Human infection with E. granulosusleads to the development of one or more hydatid cysts located most often in the liver and lungs, and less frequently in the bones, kidneys, spleen, muscles and central nervous system. The asymptomatic incubation period of the disease can last many year… - Alveolar echinococcosis
Alveolar echinococcosis is characterized by an asymptomatic incubation period of 5–15 years and the slow development of a primary tumour-like lesion which is usually located in the liver. Clinical signs include weight loss, abdominal pain, generalmalaise and signs of hepatic failure. L…
Distribution
- Cystic echinococcosis is globally distributed and found in every continent except Antarctica. Alveolar echinococcosis is confined to the northern hemisphere, in particular to regions of China, the Russian Federation and countries in continental Europeand North America. In endemic regions, human incidence rates for cystic echinococcosis can reach more than 50 per 100 000 p…
Diagnosis
- Ultrasonography imaging is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of both cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. This technique is usually complemented or validated by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) scans. Cysts can be incidentally discovered by radiography. Specific antibodies are detected by differe…
Treatment
- Both cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are often expensive and complicated to treat, sometimes requiring extensive surgery and/or prolonged drug therapy. There are 4 options for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis: 1. percutaneous treatment of the hydatid cysts with the PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration) techni...
Health and Economic Burden
- Both cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis represent a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, there may be in excess of 1 million people living with these diseases at any one time. Many of these people will be experiencing severe clinicalsyndromes which are life-threatening if left untreated. Even with treatment, people often face reduced quality of life. For cystic echinoco…
Surveillance, Prevention and Control
- Robust surveillance data is fundamental in order to show burden of disease and to evaluate progress and success of control programmes. However, as for other neglected diseases which are focused in underserved populations and remote areas, data is especiallyscarce and will need more attention if control programmes are to be implemented and measured.
Who and Country Response
- Strengthening echinococcosis prevention and control
Informal Working Groups on Echinococcosis were founded in 1985 under the auspices of the WHO. For 10 years, under the leadership of Professor J. Eckert (University of Zurich, Switzerland), the groups organised meetings of specialists and promoted internationalscientific exchange an… - Building capacity to enhance early diagnosis and clinical management of CE
WHO has been asked by the endemic countries to provide support on early diagnosis and clinical management of cystic echinococcosis. WHO supports capacity building through training courses targeting medical and paramedical personnel, focused on theclinical management of cystic echi…