The most popular engagement strategies in mental health are – connection, compliance, and participation. They form the basis of engagement, and most interventions follow these strategies in one way or the other. Building a secure connection with the client starts from the very first session.
Full Answer
Why do we need to engage people in treatment?
The need to engage people in treatment, even if the goal is harm reduction, is important when the only alternative may be continued use at high rates, resulting in overdose and exposure to additional health risks. Provider characteristics also were identified as influencing treatment initiation and engagement.
What can we do to improve treatment initiation and engagement?
Ensuring regular opportunities for open communication between care coordinators, outreach workers, case managers, and plan leadership including behavioral health medical directors were cited frequently as essential to improving treatment initiation and engagement.
What drives patients'initiation and engagement in treatment?
Research shows that many factors may contribute to patients' initiation and engagement in treatment, including: (1) individual; (2) provider; (3) health plan; and (4) market and environmental factors. Figure 1 conceptualizes how multiple factors identified in the literature can affect this process. FIGURE 1.
Are the categories developed for treatment engagement supported by previous research?
Although the categories developed are supported by previous treatment engagement research in a variety of settings, further development of these areas is needed to increase practitioners’ and researchers’ understanding and awareness of sources of engagement in the therapeutic process.
What is a patient engagement strategy?
Assessing patient activation levels, patient education, shared decision-making, and patient outreach each on their own are key patient engagement strategies. Taken together, these strategies can help providers increase patient activation levels.
What are two strategies to enhance patient engagement?
June 15, 2021 | 5 Essential Patient Engagement Strategies to Drive Better Outcomes1) Identify Patients. The first step to improving patient engagement and outcomes is to implement patient segmentation. ... 2) Provide Education. ... 3) Engage in Shared-Decision Making. ... 4) Deliver Continuous Care. ... 5) Minimize Barriers to Care.
How do you engage patients when developing a plan of care to manage their health?
6 essential strategies to improve patient engagementKeep the information simple. We all know healthcare loves to use jargon and acronyms. ... Be as specific as possible. ... Get patients involved in setting their goals. ... Ensure everyone is on the same page. ... Make information sharable. ... Create accountability.
What are two strategies you could employ to engage patients with the use of healthcare technologies?
Effective Patient Engagement Strategies Using Health ITOptimize patient portals.Leverage secure direct messaging.Utilize mobile and wearable technology.Reconsider your approach.
Why is patient engagement important in healthcare?
Patient engagement leads to better health outcomes. They're also more likely to actively look for information about health topics relevant to them. Engaged patients are interested in their health, and healthcare professionals can help instill a greater interest in a patient's health.
What are patient engagement platforms?
A patient engagement platform (PEP) is a digital application that patients can access on their smartphone, tablet or computer. It may be tethered to patient's electronic medical record.
What factors influence patient engagement?
A key barrier to patient engagement is their knowledge gap regarding personal health, their health condition, and the relevance of the prescribed exercise regimen, as misconceptions about health conditions and PA result in lower exercise adherence.
How do you engage people in healthcare?
You can take four proactive steps to be successful in engaging patients and collecting patient-reported outcomes (PROs).Treat patients like consumers. At their core, patients and their families are consumers. ... Recognize the role of technology. ... Deliver a tailored experience. ... Be creative and compelling.
Why is engaging with patients important?
Patient engagement is increasingly recognized as an integral part of health care and a critical component of safe people-centred services. Engaged patients are better able to make informed decisions about their care options.
What does patient engagement mean in healthcare?
"Patient engagement" is a broader concept that combines patient activation with interventions designed to increase activation and promote positive patient behavior, such as obtaining preventive care or exercising regularly.
What is the importance of a treatment engagement plan?
A healthy treatment engagement plan in such cases can lead to better prognosis of the psychopathology and help the client address his issues with more reality orientation. While several factors influence the effectiveness of the engagement plan, one of the most critical factors is treatment entry.
Who was the first person to emphasize the importance of engaging a client in therapy?
Carl Rogers was one of the first persons who emphasized the importance of engaging a client in therapy. His article in the Journal of Consulting Psychology mentioned that sustaining clients’ focus in the counseling sessions require:
What is the outcome of psychotherapy?
The outcome of psychotherapy is mostly dependent on the quality of the relationship between the therapist and the client. Any form of therapy requires self-disclosure from the client’s end and an immense commitment to bringing about the desired change. Client engagement or treatment engagement in psychotherapy is one of ...
What is the best way to make a client feel welcome?
While basic as it may sound, beginning and ending the session with warm greetings and goodbyes is an excellent way to make the client feel welcome and cared.
What is client engagement model?
The Client Engagement Model helps us in understanding the dynamics of therapeutic alliance and how it affects the upshot of therapy. Although it is mainly used in the corporate sectors, the principles of this model hold for therapeutic settings as well.
Why is it important to discuss intervention strategies at the beginning and end?
Discussing the intervention strategy and techniques at the beginning and the end is a good step for ensuring client engagement. It helps the client to understand the road map and have something to look forward to.
Why is music important in therapy?
It bridges the gap between verbal and nonverbal communication (Slyter, 2012). Using music in therapy is, by far, one of the most reliable and effective strategies for sustaining client engagement in treatment (Veach & Gladding, 2006).
Why is client engagement important in therapy?
Client engagement is an essential yet challenging ingredient in effective therapy. Engaged clients are more likely to bond with therapists and counselors , endorse treatment goals , participate to a greater degree, remain in treatment longer, and report higher levels of satisfaction. This study explored the process of engaging high-risk youth and their parents in a unique home-based family therapy intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 19 families who completed family therapy sessions that included a core component aimed at increasing treatment engagement. Parents’ and youths’ perceptions of engagement suggest the importance of developing therapeutic alliance with therapists, who facilitated building a shared alliance among family members. Implications for improving client engagement are discussed within the context of alliance building with the therapist and among family members.
How effective is family therapy?
Several randomized controlled trials of family therapy have demonstrated the effectiveness of this treatment approach for engaging and retaining clients and improving positive outcomes for youth and their families (Cunningham & Henneggler, 1999; Liddle et al., 2001; Waldron, 1997). Family therapy requires building a therapeutic alliance with each member of the family; thus, considering family system factors and family interaction patterns is critical for improving therapy attendance and engagement (Coatsworth, Santisteban, McBride & Szapocznik, 2001). Family disorganization, inadequate support for family members, and low cohesion among family members interferes with treatment engagement (Spoth, Redmond, Hockaday, & Shin, 1996). In a recent meta-analysis, the strongest predictors of positive treatment outcomes were therapists’ interpersonal skills, direct influence skills, and the willingness and actual participation of clients in treatment (Karver, Handelsman, Fields & Bickman, 2006). Alliance formation is needed to bond with each family member in a way that increases their commitment to the therapeutic interaction and enhances outcomes (Diamond, Liddle, Hogue & Dakof, 1999; Thomas, 2006).
How difficult is it to engage with adolescents?
Youth are particularly difficult to engage. It has been estimated that 50–75% of young people referred to treatment do not initiate or complete the full course of treatment (Kazdin, Siegel & Bass, 1990), resulting in poorer outcomes in individual, school, home, and community functioning (Kazdin, Holland & Crowley, 1997). Creating a therapeutic alliance with adolescents is particularly challenging due to youths’ inherent demand for developing independence and constant striving to differentiate themselves from authority (Eltz, Shirk & Sarlin, 1995). Adolescents often are involuntarily referred by parents and other caregivers and see limited value and need for treatment (Digiuseppe et al., 1996). Transforming adolescent resistance and reluctance into investment in treatment requires development of a collaborative relationship with therapists that encourages youths to cultivate their own solutions (Diamond & Liddle, 1999). Some research has shown that the perception of the therapist as warm is especially important in increasing relationships with adolescents (Shirk, & Karver, 2003) as is respect, time shared, openness, role differentiation, guidance, identification, and familiarity with the therapist, trust, and taking responsibility (Martin, Romas, Medford, Leffert & Hatcher, 2006).
What is therapeutic alliance?
The process of engagement requires client and therapist to construct a therapeutic relationship or alliance. This essential component of effective treatment reflects the quality of the interaction, the collaborative nature of developing tasks and goals of treatment, and the personal bond between client and therapist (Digiuseppe et al., 1996; Horvath & Symonds, 1991). Conducting therapy devoid of a positive alliance is likely to result in a treatment interruption or termination (Pinsof, Horvath & Greenberg, 1994). Decades ago Bordin (1979)noted that therapeutic alliance included three features—agreement on goals, establishing tasks, and building a bond. Research has continued to extend understanding concerning this phenomenon by examining the nature of the client-therapist relationship, the collaborative nature of agreeing on tasks and goals, and the personal attachment that emerges in treatment (Kazdin, Marciano, & Whitley, 2005). Recently, alliance has been conceptualized into two organizing concepts: task-based alliance and relationship-focused alliance (Hougaard, 1994; Pinsof et al., 1994). Task allianceis an agreement between client and therapist regarding the purpose, goals, and tasks needed for positive change in the client’s life (Hougaard, 1994). This pseudo contract serves to empower clients, putting them in control of their treatment. Relationship allianceserves to bond the client and therapist by establishing trust and rapport. Building this connection has been associated with underlying attachment theory wherein building the alliance relieves attachment anxiety and allows a relationship to form that empowers the client to make changes. These two parts are mutual and complimentary; without one, the other is difficult to develop (Pinsof et al., 1994). However, it is the strength of the alliance, rather than the type of alliance, that results in positive treatment outcomes (Bordin, 1979).
How old are youth in family therapy?
Youths’ ages ranged from 12 to 16 years. All families included in the follow-up interviews completed all twelve sessions of the family therapy intervention. In describing components of therapy sessions, parents and youths noted the importance of engagement in the therapeutic process.
How long is follow up in family therapy?
For the current study, families who had been participants in the primary study and assigned to the experimental group were contacted ~3 months after completion of family therapy sessions to seek volunteers for this secondary investigation. The 3-month time period was chosen as post-tests also were conducted following termination of family therapy sessions and 3 months is a follow-up time frame often used in family based intervention studies (e.g., Waldron, Slesnick, Brody, Turner & Peterson, 2001). An interviewer provided youths and parents with a detailed description of the project, described the voluntary nature of participation in the follow-up interviews, and requested both parental consent and youth assent. From among the 40 families who participated in the experimental condition, a convenience sample of 19 families was recruited to complete qualitative follow-up interviews focused on perceptions of engagement. All follow-up interviews took place in the families’ homes and were audio-recorded. Methods for the primary and follow-up study were reviewed and approved by the affiliated university’s Institutional Review Board.
Is there research on the role of therapeutic alliance in family therapy?
Despite a growing body of research aimed at understanding the role of therapeutic alliance in engagement, there are several areas requiring further research. Few studies have been conducted that draw on clients’ perspectives, especially those of adolescents. Thus, research focusing on the engagement process in family therapy requires inclusion of separate perspectives from youths and parents regarding the client-therapist relationship (Pinsof et al., 1994). Furthermore, research in naturalistic, real-world practice settings is needed if there is intent to move research into practice (Kazdin & Nock, 2003).
How to improve patient engagement?
A review of proven strategies to enhance patient engagement identified three focus areas for engagement: improving health literacy, helping patients make appropriate health decisions, and improving the quality of care processes [ 16 ]. The Health Literate Care Model is an important tool to inform how attention to health literacy can improve patient engagement [ 39 ]. This model encourages clinicians to approach “all patients with the assumption that they are at risk of not understanding their health conditions or how to deal with them, and then subsequently confirming and ensuring patients’ understanding.” Across the spectrum of healthcare delivery, full engagement of the patient requires the patient to be able to obtain, process and communicate health information. Strategies to ensure that engagement activities are appropriate for a patient’s health literacy can include adapting and simplifying language to decrease the risk of misunderstanding, providing examples that are relevant to the individual’s lifestyle and cultural context, using visual representations of data, and integrating decision aids into care [ 22 ]. In a health literate care model, information needs to be presented in a manner that is congruent with a patient’s ability to understand the material and span the domains in which health care occurs – the clinical setting, home, and community.
Why is it important to engage patients in decision making?
Patients who participate in their decisions report higher levels of satisfaction with their care ; have increased knowledge about conditions, tests, and treatment; have more realistic expectations about benefits and harms; are more likely to adhere to screening, diagnostic, or treatment plans; have reduced decisional conflict and anxiety; are less likely to receive tests or procedures which may be unnecessary; and, in some cases, even have improved health outcomes [ 60, 61, 77 ].
Why is information important to health care?
Information is central to a patient being engaged in their decisions, care, and self-management. With the advent of the internet, mobile technologies, and increasingly powerful search engines, patients can now instantaneously access all kinds of information anywhere they like to help guide their health with the touch of a button. Some patients still rely solely on the receipt of health information from clinicians, yet many more use a combination of approaches. Receiving information from a trusted clinician can be good – it can prevent a patient from being misled by inaccurate or commercially biased information. However, not actively seeking health information can be a missed opportunity. Many local and national organizations are working to raise awareness on the power of health information by promoting the need to get informed, directing patients to health information, and even creating information, ranging from educational material about health to reports on the quality of care from hospitals and clinicians to interactive and personalized tools to manage daily activities.
What is a workflow in healthcare?
A workflow to better engage patients throughout their decision-making journeys. To better engage patients in their decisions, this workflow, which several practices programmed into their patient portal and electronic health record, guides patients and clinicians through a series of seven steps: (1) based on electronic health record data, patients with decision needs are identified, and the patient portal reaches contacts patients outside the confines of an office visit to start considering decision options; (2) the patient portal walks patients through an intake that assesses personal preferences, knowledge, needs, and readiness to make a decision; (3) the portal provides personalized educational material tailored to the patient’s stated preferences and decision stage; (4) the portal allows the patient to share their preferences and decision needs with their clinician; (5) the clinician reviews the information prior to a visit, priming the discussion so the clinician is aware of the patient’s needs; (6) the patient and clinicians are able to make a more informed and shared decision; and (7) the electronic health record and patient portal can follow-up with both the clinician and patient to make sure the decision is acted upon consistent with the patient’s wishes (modified from [ 43 ]).
How does patient engagement affect health?
In other words, health and wellbeing are fostered by engaged and activated patients, who collaborate with their clinician to better manage care. In summarizing the hypothetical impact of widespread patient engagement on contemporary health care, Kish described the influence would be analogous to the introduction of a once-in-a-century blockbuster drug [ 38 ].
How can decision aids be effective?
Krist proposes that to be effective, decision aids must also be integrated into the clinical workflow – realistically, patients undergo a “decision journey [ 43 ].” This journey requires support over time, allowing patients to contemplate options, gather additional information, confer with family and friends, consider individual preferences, and address their personal worries or concerns. Clinicians can serve as trusted advisors during this decision journey. One example of systematically supporting decision journeys is how a group of practices used their patient portal to promote cancer screening decisions ( Fig. 1 ). The system anticipated the patients’ decision needs; delivered decision support prior to visits; allowed patients to tailor decision supports to their interests and needs; collected patient-reported information about where they were with their decision journey, what they wanted to discuss with their clinician, and their fears; shared the patient reported information with their clinician; set a decision-making agenda; and even provided follow-up on next steps [ 43 ]. Routine implementation of similar workflows and processes, whether technology-based or not, has great potential to improve care, address health literacy issues, and better engage patients in decision-making.
What are the elements of informed decision making?
Braddock defined seven elements that informed decision-making: (1) discussion of the patients role in decision making, (2) discussion of the clinical issue, (3) discussion of alternatives, (4) discussion of the pros and cons of alternatives, (5) discussion of uncertainties, (6) assessment of patient understanding, and (7) exploration of patient preference [ 9 ]. Braddock acknowledged that medical decisions vary in complexity and these elements will be employed to varying degrees depending on how straight forward or complex the decision. Embedded in each element is a recognition that in order for a patient to fully engage in any discussion there is need for the patient to have some health literacy. Clinicians should approach decision steps with attention to the patient’s literacy needs and assess the patient’s knowledge and understanding throughout.
How many health plans participated in the IET study?
Representatives from six health plans participated in interviews. The plans served geographically diverse populations across the United States, and all were ranked in the top 5 percent (nationally) for performance on initiation and/or engagement rates using the IET measure. The intent was to have a mix of commercial and Medicaid plans; ultimately representatives from one commercial and five Medicaid plans participated in the study.
How to improve SUD treatment?
All representatives described open communication within the plan and between the plan and their membership or providers as key to achieving improvements in SUD treatment. Communication strategies included using secure electronic messaging services to maintain real-time communication with providers. Outreach teams are trained on effective communication techniques to encourage members to engage in treatment. Health plan interviewees expressed a substantial interest in maintaining communication between physical health and behavioral health providers. Some interviewees also described co-locating behavioral health counselors in primary care practices as critical to treatment initiation for patients who would not attend services provided in a behavioral health facility.
What percentage of people with SUDs received treatment in 2015?
In 2015, only 18% of the population with SUDs received treatment--a number that has not increased significantly since 2002. For the definition of SUD and other key terms, see Table A.1. Glossary of terms and definitions. Terms and Definitions.
What is the benefit design of health plans?
Health plan interviewees described significant differences in their plan benefit arrays. All plans cover outpatient treatment services without prior authorization. All cover medically monitored and medically managed detoxification services , often requiring prior authorization or notification, but one only covers these services for pregnant women.
What is the care model and culture?
Care models were described as focused on care coordination, including coordination of physical, mental, behavioral, and substance-use-specific services. All health plan representatives described their case managers, care coordinators, and community health workers as promoting beneficiaries' use of services included within the plan's benefit array. Health plan leadership and contracting staff also described efforts to convey the health plan's mission statement when meeting with new providers to reinforce the plans' commitment to continuous engagement with beneficiaries, knowing that beneficiary receptiveness will vary over time.
What is a substance use disorder?
Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a serious public health problem in the United States. Recent attention has focused most on opioid use, including heroin use and prescription opioid misuse, with the attendant high rates of opioid-related overdoses.
Do health plans have to meet network adequacy requirements?
On the basis of distance and number of providers proximate to beneficiaries, health plans impose internal standards and/or must meet state requirements for network adequacy. Although the health plan representatives interviewed reported satisfying their requirements, all indicated that these requirements are not always sufficient to ensure adequate access. Many of these requirements related to the number of addiction specialists, buprenorphine or methadone prescribers, and detox and residential facilities.
What makes therapy more effective?
A couple things we know for sure- 1) talking with clients about progress makes therapy more effective and meaningful for clients and 2) most ethical guidelines state that a therapist or counselor should have a treatment plan in mind while working with clients.
What is treatment planning?
Treatment planning isn't something you do at the first or second session and then forget about. It's an integral part of the counseling process. It's a clinical discussion that's simply put on paper to provide a clear outline and clearer understanding of the direction in which you plan to go.
How to start a treatment plan?
Every good treatment plan starts with a clear goal (or set of goals). Identify what your client would like to work on and write it down. Don't be scared of limiting your work, you can always adjust these as time goes on. However, it's helpful to write down and discuss what your client's purpose is for starting therapy.
Why is it important to have a clear goal?
Having a clear goal makes sure everyone is on the same page and keeps you both accountable to focusing on what is necessary. It also helps your client to feel like therapy is something that is more than esoteric, something they could describe to a spouse or family member, if desired. 2. Active participation.
Is therapy hard work?
Therapy is often hard work but can have amazing results. However, success is 100% dependent on the client's motivation and willingness to engage in the process. 3. Support. Another aspect of treatment planning that is so often forgotten in private practice settings is the client's support system.
What is the purpose of the guide "Taking Care of myself"?
Taking Care of Myself: A Guide for When I Leave the Hospital#N#Providers can use this guide to give patients the information they need to help them care for themselves when they leave the hospital.
What is informed consent toolkit?
Making Informed Consent an Informed Choice: Training Modules for Health Care Leaders and Professionals.
What are strategies and contextual factors that enable patient engagement?
Strategies and contextual factors that enable patient engagement were thematically grouped and related to techniques to enhance design, recruitment, involvement and leadership action , and those aimed to creating a receptive context.
What is patient engagement?
Patient engagement can inform patient and provider education and policies, as well as enhance service delivery and governance. Additional evidence is needed to understand patients’ experiences of the engagement process and whether these outcomes translate into improved quality of care.
What databases are used in systematic review?
In accordance with the core principles of systematic review methodology [ 37 ], we conducted a systematic review of relevant literature with the help of a librarian using the electronic databases of: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsychINFO, Social Science Abstracts, AbiInform Business Source Premier (EBSCO), and ISI Web of Science. We searched the databases using the following subject headings related to patient engagement—combinations of “patient”, “user”, “client”, “caregiver”, “family” and “engage*”, “participat*”, “involve*”, “consult*”; for those related to designing, evaluating and delivery of services — combinations of “design”, “deliver*”, “evaluat*”, “outcome”, “develop*”, “plan*” and “health services”, “health care”, “health”, “service”. We included a combination of search terms from each category for each search, for example, “patient” AND “engage*” AND “design” AND “health services”).
How to facilitate engagement in a community?
A key facilitator of successful engagement was actions and involvement by organizational leaders. This occurred in a variety of ways including top-down approaches and at community levels where local champions led initiatives or were actively engaged to ensure their success. Top-down approaches included institutional- or executive-level commitment and sponsorship, which was readily apparent across mental health, HIV, and pediatric care settings [ 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 63 ]. Having managers and executives recognize and advocate for the importance of patient involvement fostered a sense of empowerment and commitment among patients and ensured organizational sustainability of the engagement. This was a goal of two mental health studies, where the senior level of a local authority took a “top-down” approach to promote user involvement, which resulted in a reported culture change throughout the authority [ 40, 63 ]. This was highlighted in one study’s “ideological and policy commitment to meaningful involvement of people affected with HIV” as demonstrated by ongoing contact with management and executives and a head clinician open to changes that would disturb traditional relationships and power disparities between service users and providers [ 50 ]. Leadership action was also shown to help align the engagement findings or recommendations and ensure that they are advanced within the organization’s relevant strategic plans and policies in primary care [ 69 ]. Timing is also an important factor—ensuring that the engagement occurs prior to decision-making, rather than providing input on proposals to which services are already committed was stressed in a number of studies [ 45 ]. Otherwise, the engagement could run the risk of being perceived as tokenistic by the users.
How many studies are there about involving patients in the design, delivery, or evaluation of health care?
We found a total of 20,957 studies about involving patients in the design, delivery, or evaluation of health care. Of these, we excluded 20,909 because they did not report outcomes related to health care delivery, design, or evaluation ( n = 67) or only informed/consulted with patients, as opposed to engage them in co-design ( n = 91) (Fig. 2; Additional file 1: Table S3 & Additional file 2: Figure S1). Our final sample of studies included 48 papers involving patients, families, and caregivers along with service users, health care providers, staff, board members, health care managers, administrators, and decision-makers (Table 1 ). The publication date of the included studies spanned from 1993 to 2016, and interestingly, co-design was employed as early as 1993 to as recently as 2015 in published studies. Of the 48 included studies, 27 were qualitative studies; 3 were quantitative; 13 constituted mixed methods studies, which included qualitative, quantitative methods; and 5 comprised user panels or advisory meetings (Table 4 ). We restricted our analysis to articles actively engaging patients. Half of the articles ( n = 24) included consultative activities typical of low-level engagement (i.e., where patients provided input on research design or measures as part of the research or administrative team). The other half were co-design (high-level engagement—i.e., deliberative, reflexive processes where patients and providers work together to create solutions [ 39 ]) (Table 4 ). Engagement efforts spanned a range of services, including pediatrics, community and primary care, and most frequently occurred in mental health services ( n = 17; 35%—Tables 4 and 1 ). Studies originated from various countries, with most deriving from the UK ( n = 26; 54%) (Tables 4 and 1 ). Few studies formally evaluated patients’ experiences of the process of being engaged ( n = 12; 25%) (Additional file 3: Table S1).
Is patient feedback positive or negative?
Patient feedback in other engagement studies was not as positive. Some studies found that patients were satisfied but felt the engagement demanded considerable energy and time [ 66 ]. Others felt that their involvement was tokenistic because decisions had been made in advance or was used to justify decisions that had already been made [ 47, 61 ]. Some participants felt that their requests were denied or that managerial support was lacking [ 47 ], while others were dissatisfied with their lack of involvement in analyzing the findings and creating the final report [ 46 ].
What is the purpose of follow through in a patient?
To ensure that the patient will follow through with the treatment
What chapter is therapy?
Start studying Chapter 16: Therapy. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
What is Spencer telling his therapist?
Spencer is telling his therapist how he bullied another student at school by posting pictures of the student in the locker room on Instagram. Spencer keeps looking at the therapist to see if she is mad or disgusted with him. Spencer is likely in need of ________________ from his therapist.
Is family therapy better than individual therapy?
family therapy is superior to individual therapy in most cases. cognitive-behavioral therapy is superior to other forms of psychotherapy. psychotherapy is generally ineffective across most cases. there is no single therapeutic strategy uniquely effective in treating all people with any disorder.
