A man’s prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood level is often a good indicator of how effective treatment is or has been. Generally speaking, your PSA level should get very low after treatment. But PSA results aren’t always reliable, and sometimes doctors aren’t sure what they mean.
Full Answer
What is a tumor marker?
Substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. Most tumor markers are made by normal cells as well as by cancer cells. They are produced at much higher levels in cancerous conditions.
What are the 2 breast cancer markers in tumor tissue?
What are the 2 Breast Cancer Markers in Tumor Tissue? 1. HER-2/neu levels 2. Steroid hormone receptors HER-2/neu levels are what? What can it be used for? -Levels can be used to see if a drug will work. If the breast cancer overexpresses HER2, trastuzumab (Herceptin) will have a beneficial effect.
What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
a. The tumor usually becomes malignant in time. b. The gland becomes small, nodular, and firm. c. Manifestations include hesitancy, dribbling, and frequency. d. Lower abdominal or pelvic pain develops. c. Manifestations include hesitancy, dribbling, and frequency.
What is a useful serum marker during treatment for prostatic cancer?
A novel protein that has shown much evidence in the diagnosis of prostate cancer is PCA3. Multiple studies (55–57) have proven PCA3 to be a useful marker that can be used alongside PSA and DRE for a more accurate diagnosis, mainly due to its increased specificity (58).
Which hormone S is are believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer quizlet?
Androgens stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow. The main androgens in the body are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
What is histological evidence of prostate cancer?
Histological features that have been considered specific for a diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma include extraprostatic spread of glands and, within the prostate, the findings of perineural invasion, collagenous micronodules, and glomeruloid intraglandular projections (Baisden et al.
What type of screening uses the PSA blood test quizlet?
For years, doctors have used a PSA blood test to screen men for prostate cancer. The test measures a protein made by the prostate gland, called a prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
What is ADT for prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer needs testosterone to grow. Reducing how much testosterone your body makes may slow the cancer's growth or shrink the cancer temporarily. Testosterone is an androgen (male sex hormone), so this treatment is called androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). It is also known as hormone therapy.
What is aromatase inhibitors used for?
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) lower estrogen levels by stopping an enzyme in fat tissue (called aromatase) from changing other hormones into estrogen. (Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells.) These drugs don't stop the ovaries from making estrogen.
What is the most common histological type of prostate cancer?
Mixed ductal–acinar adenocarcinoma is more common than pure ductal adenocarcinoma, which accounts for only 0.2%–0.4% of prostatic carcinomas [1]. Ductal adenocarcinomas are frequently located in the periurethral area.
What is the Gleason score in prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer is also given a grade called a Gleason score. This score is based on how much the cancer looks like healthy tissue when viewed under a microscope. Less aggressive tumors generally look more like healthy tissue. Tumors that are more aggressive are likely to grow and spread to other parts of the body.
What is histopathological diagnosis?
Histopathology is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope. Histopathologists are responsible for making tissue diagnoses and helping clinicians manage a patient's care.
What type of screening uses the PSA blood test?
The PSA test is a blood test used primarily to screen for prostate cancer. The test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. PSA is a protein produced by both cancerous and noncancerous tissue in the prostate, a small gland that sits below the bladder in males.
Why PSA test is not recommended?
Expert guidelines don't recommend PSA screening in men 70 and older. Because of their more limited lifespan, these men are less likely to benefit from early detection of low-risk cancer. One reason is that there may be simply less time for the condition to become life threatening in most men.
Which screening test evaluates the size and consistency of the prostate?
The DRE. Your doctor may determine that a digital rectal exam (DRE) is useful in evaluating your prostate health. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. For this test, your doctor will gently insert a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to examine the prostate for irregularities in size, shape, and texture ...
What hormones does the fetus secrete during the latter half of the menstrual cycle?
c. It secretes estrogen and progesterone during the latter half of the menstrual cycle.
What happens to a tumor in time?
a. The tumor usually becomes malignant in time.
Which cord suspends the testes?
b. The testes are suspended by the spermatic cord.
What hormones control follicles?
c. It is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone.
What happens to a tumor in time?
a. The tumor usually becomes malignant in time.
Which cord suspends the testes?
b. The testes are suspended by the spermatic cord.