What is the principle of sewage treatment plant?
S.T.P (Sewage Treatment Plant) Working Principle The main aim of sewage treatment plant is to treat the raw sewage to acceptable levels so can be dumper or discharged at sea. To perform task the raw sewage had to undergo several process; that break, disintegrate, treat and disinfect the waste water.
What will happen if there is no sewage treatment plant?
In the absence of sewage treatment plant when we discharge the waste in open water; the waste starts to attract aerobic bacteria and decompose on its own. Not just it suck up the necessary oxygen from the water but also lead to widespread risks of health epidemic if discharged near port.
How does a ship's sewage treatment plant work?
The treated waste water is discharged by the ships sewage treatment plant by using the level switch; activated by the level sensors on the final chlorination chamber. When the level is high the treated waste water is set to flow through the discharge line to; dedicated sewage discharge pump.
What is the Emergency Response Plan for sewage spill?
SEWAGE OVERFLOW EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN . This Plan establishes proper clean-up procedures and safety measures to be followed during sewage spill and remediation efforts. These procedures are designed to protect employees, the public, and the environment from the potentially harmful effects associated with sewage spills. Response Personnel
What are the three stages in the treatment of sewage?
There are three main stages of the wastewater treatment process, aptly known as primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment. In some applications, more advanced treatment is required, known as quaternary water treatment.
What are the 2 major steps in sewage treatment?
The sewage treatment consists of three processes: Primary treatment: In this process, the effluent or the sewage flows through huge tanks called the primary sedimentation tanks. ... Secondary treatment: In this process, the biological waste from human waste, soap, food waste, and detergent are substantially degraded.More items...
What are the 4 stages of sewage treatment?
4-Step Wastewater Sludge Treatment ProcessStep 1 – Sludge Thickening. The first step in the sewage sludge treatment plan is called thickening. ... Step 2 – Sludge Digestion. After amassing all the solids from the sewage sludge begins the sludge digestion process. ... Step 3 – Dewatering. ... Step 4 – Disposal.
What are the 5 stages of sewage treatment?
Treatment StepsStep 1: Screening and Pumping. ... Step 2: Grit Removal. ... Step 3: Primary Settling. ... Step 4: Aeration / Activated Sludge. ... Step 5: Secondary Settling. ... Step 8: Oxygen Uptake. ... Sludge Treatment.
What is an emergency stop switch?
An emergency stop switch, also known as E-stop switch, E stop switch, emergency switch, kill switch, or emergency button, emergency stop push button switch, it is a fail-safe control switch that provides safety for the machinery and for the person using the machinery.
What is the best emergency stop button?
According to IEC standards and industrial safety requirements, the emergency stop button must be safe, reliable and convenient for operators to operate by one hand. Mushroom head is the best choice.
What is the purpose of a push button?
The purpose of an emergency push button is to stop the machinery quickly when there is a risk of injury or the workflow requires stopping . It is intended to avert harm or to reduce existing hazards to people, machinery, or working, so people also says safety push button switch or push button safety switches. 3.
What is the IP address of an E stop button?
Ingress protection of common e stop button is IP54, but the waterproof emergency stop button can reach IP65 or IP67. 4. How many types is the emergency stop switch? There are three kinds of the most common emergency stop switches, according to the action mode of the actuator.
What are the levels of hazard?
According to the European machine safety standard EN954-1, the hazard levels are divided into five levels: B, 1, 2, 3, and 4 , with the hazard levels increasing sequentially, and level 4 is the highest hazard level.
What is the first step in designing a machine?
First, before designing a set of machines, a risk assessment of the machine must be carried out. After completing the risk assessment of a machine (or a part of it) and determining its hazard level, a series of measures must be taken to reduce the risk.
Do emergency stop buttons have to be visible?
They are required to be clearly visible to anyone that is required to use them. It is also possible to have several emergency stop buttons on one machine depending on what part of the machine has to be stopped. For example, elevator, packaging machine, lift equipment. 6.
What are the risks of handling human waste?
Handling Human Waste or Sewage. Workers who handle human waste or sewage may be at increased risk of becoming ill from waterborne diseases. To reduce this risk and protect against illness, such as diarrhea, use standard practices associated with wastewater treatment plant operations. These standard practices can include engineering ...
What should be up to date for workers exposed to sewage?
Vaccination recommendations for workers exposed to sewage or human waste should be developed in consultation with local health authorities. Tetanus vaccinations should be up to date, with consideration also given to the need for vaccinations for polio, typhoid fever, Hepatitis A, and Hepatitis B.
What to do after removing PPE?
Workers should wash hands with soap and water immediately after removing PPE. The PPE requirements may vary based on assessment of the facility and specific job duties of workers handling human waste or sewage, but they generally include the following: Goggles to protect eyes from splashes of human waste or sewage.
Why do people wear rubber boots?
Rubber boots to prevent exposure to human waste or sewage. Training for Workers. All workers who handle human waste or sewage should receive training on disease prevention. The training should include information on basic hygiene practices; use and disposal of PPE; and proper handling of human waste or sewage.
What to do before eating?
Before eating, remove soiled work clothes and eat in designated areas away from human waste and sewage-handling activities. Do not smoke or chew tobacco or gum while handling human waste or sewage. Keep open sores, cuts, and wounds covered with clean, dry bandages.
What are the symptoms of diarrhea?
Workers must also be urged to promptly seek medical attention if displaying any signs or symptoms of diarrhea, such as vomiting, stomach cramps, and watery diarrhea. Vaccination recommendations for workers exposed to sewage or human waste should be developed in consultation with local health authorities.
How to wash hands after sewage?
Wash hands with soap and water immediately after handling human waste or sewage. After handling human waste or sewage, wash your hands with soap and water before eating or drinking. After handling human waste or sewage, wash your hands with soap and water before and after using the toilet.
What is SIL level 1?
SIL Level 1 represents the integrity required to avoid relatively minor incidents and is likely to be satisfied by a certain degree of fault-tolerant design using guidelines that follow good practice.
What is an emergency shut down?
In the Oil and Gas industry, an Emergency Shutdown is a safety system that is designed to minimize the consequences of an emergency situation, such as a failure, to reduce the potential of flooding, escape of hazardous materials, or outbreak of fire. This is normally done by monitoring the state of field mounted sensors, valves, ...
Why is it important to shut down hydrocarbons?
In a system that isolates hydrocarbon inventories, it is of great importance that an Emergency Shutdown system is effective so that nothing is released into the atmosphere. 2. Emergency Ventilation System. Another important use of an Emergency Shutdown is in an Emergency Ventilation system.
What happens if a fire is detected in a plant?
If a fire is detected, the system would likely shut down all plant equipment to contain the fire, not allowing oxygen in to allow it to burn, but if smoke was detected they may want to vent the smoke out, therefore switching on plant equipment to do so.
Does an emergency shut down need to be completely shut down?
The Emergency Shutdown does not need to completely shut down the entire plant. This can sometimes be more dangerous. What the system will do is to minimize the effects. It could be to reduce the number of plant items available or shut down part of the systems.
What to do if you believe raw sewage has come into contact with your eyes, mouth, ears, nose,
If you believe that raw sewage has come into direct contact with your eyes, mouth, ears, nose, or a cut, abrasion, puncture, etc., immediately and thoroughly wash the exposed area with copious amounts of soap and water and seek the care of an authorized Occupational Physician.
What are the diseases that can be caused by raw sewage?
Many disease-causing agents are potentially present in raw sewage. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In the U.S., most illnesses associated with raw sewage exposure produce mild to sever flu-like or cold-like symptoms. However, more serious illnesses, such as Hepatitis A, can be contracted through direct contact (mouth, eyes, nose, and ears) with raw sewage. With respect to HIV (AIDS) and HBV (Hepatitis B), the Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) has stated, in the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, the following:
What is an OPC?
Operations Planning and Construction (OPC) personnel are primary responders to sewage spills. Responsibilities include determining the cause of, and stopping, a sewage spill, proper cleanup and disposal of spilled sewage and, when necessary, conformance with lock-out tag-out and confined space procedures appropriate for the situation. OPC supervisors shall be responsible for ensuring that response personnel are trained prior to engaging in sewage spill clean-up efforts and that sewage spill clean-up efforts are done in accordance with this Plan.
What is a sewage spill plan?
This Plan establishes proper clean-up procedures and safety measures to be followed during sewage spill and remediation efforts. These procedures are designed to protect employees, the public, and the environment from the potentially harmful effects associated with sewage spills.
How does a separate sewer system work?
The separate sewer system divides the media. Dirty water is fed into one sewer, surface water into another. Because of the low dirt load, the collected surface water is usually discharged into neighbouring waters (lakes or rivers). The wastewater and the combined sewer both end up at the treatment plant. Of course, in the case of combined sewer ...
What is the process of removing nutrient from wastewater?
In the actual clarifier, bacteria and fungi have the task of metabolising organic components in the wastewater into its individual parts. This process is called Biological nutrient removal. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor areas provide optimal conditions for breaking down all carbon and phosphate compounds and urea from the urine.
How is wastewater drained?
Waste water is drained through pipe systems and thus enters the public sewerage system . Here we differentiate between two types of drainage. In the combined sewer system, domestic and commercial wastewater is fed into a sewer together with rainwater that accumulates on sealed surfaces (e.g. streets and roofs).
What is the function of a primary clarifier?
The primary clarifier then has the function of filtering further components from the waste water. Suspended solids, which are lighter than water, such as plastic parts but also oils and fats, float up and are removed at the surface. Due to the very low speed in the basin, further heavier particles sink to the bottom.
What is the process of cleaning a toilet called?
Rakes filter everything that is not permeable as solid matter in the wastewater. This can be toilet paper, wet wipes, but also a toothbrush or other things that do not belong in a toilet. This process is called pretreatment.
Where does wastewater end up in a combined sewer system?
The wastewater and the combined sewer both end up at the treatment plant. Of course, in the case of combined sewer systems, the sewage treatment plant has more work to do, as all the surface water has to be cleaned as well.
What happens to clarified water?
In the end, the clarified water is returned to the natural water cycle, usually lakes or streams. Very modern sewage treatment plants have additional treatment stages for further phosphorus elimination or the killing of pathogens.
THE SHUT DOWN
Stopping a physical-chemical treatment generally does not present many problems nor differ substantially from the activities during a (regular) maintenance shut down. For example for equipment such as pumps, pipes and heat exchangers the risk of clogging by hardening of the product must be avoided.
THE START UP
Hopefully the factory shut downs will only last a short time. As soon as it becomes clear that wastewater is re-entering the plant and the buffers have been filled again to a reasonable level (e.g. 50%), the treatment can be restarted gently.
What is sewage treatment plant?
A sewage treatment plant is designed to treat and process raw sewage over different steps involving breaking, filtering, settling, controlled aerobic decomposition and chemical treatment. One of the most common things that come in our mind regarding human waste; is to dump it to the sewers and let the government take care of it.
What is the process used to break down sewage into small parts?
The process used to systematically break the sewage into small parts; using biological and chemical method is known as sewage treatment.
What happens when you discharge sewage in open water?
In the absence of sewage treatment plant when we discharge the waste in open water; the waste starts to attract aerobic bacteria and decompose on its own. Not just it suck up the necessary oxygen from the water but also lead to widespread risks of health epidemic if discharged near port.
Why use an air driven ejector pump?
To reduce the need to add fresh set of bacteria and increase plant efficiency; many new designs came with air driven ejector pump. They pumps 1/4th of the sludge back to aeration chamber for further treatment and growth of bacteria in the fresh lot of sewage.
How many crews are required to have a sewage treatment plant?
The law requires all ships and water vessels above 4000 Gross tonnage dead weight or carrying more than 15 crew / personal in international waters is required to have dedicated sewage treatment plant or sludge tank to hold sewage for appropriate time.
What is chemical sewage treatment?
The preliminary chamber is equipped with coarse and fine mesh of screen as filters to remove large solid particles from getting into the system. In many designs it stay set at the top of the primary chamber with flow measurement device recording and filtering waste water inlet at the same time.
Why is activated carbon added to sewage?
It get on to absorb all the organic molecules associated with the smell and distinct colour. In many design the activated carbon sets are filled just after the settling chamber; thus allowing waste water to be treated before moved to next chamber.
Purpose
To lay down a procedure for the operation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) & Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Scope
This procedure applicable for operation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).
Responsibilities
User Department / Area in-charge of ETP/STP: Ensure the operation done as per SOP for ETP and STP. Ensure effective control measures implemented and sustained.
Procedure (SOP for ETP and STP)
Shall carried out by the operators / Technician’s in each shift round the clock under the supervision of the area in-charge and above.
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Janki Singh is experienced in Pharmaceuticals, author and founder of Pharma Beginners, an ultimate pharmaceutical blogging platform. Email: [email protected]
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