Amyl nitrite
Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula C₅H₁₁ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrite functional group. The alkyl group is unreactive and the chemical and biological properties are mainly due to the nitrite group. Lik…
Methemoglobin
Methemoglobin is a form of the oxygen-carrying metalloprotein hemoglobin, in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe (ferric) state, not the Fe (ferrous) of normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen, unlike oxyhemoglobin. It is bluish chocolate-brown in color.
What are the effects of amyl nitrate?
amount of physical activity before and after inhaling. The effects of amyl nitrate are usually felt straight away, and last for around two to five minutes. 3 They include: psychological effects can include increased sensual awareness, visual distortions, lowered inhibitions and impaired judgement. 2, 3, 7, 8
What are the side effects of amyl nitrite?
Side effects requiring immediate medical attention
- Bluish-colored lips, fingernails, or palms of hands
- dizziness (extreme) or fainting
- feeling of extreme pressure in head
- shortness of breath
- unusual tiredness or weakness
- weak and fast heartbeat
What are the dangers of ammonium nitrate?
There are certain actions that should be taken when handling ammonium to prevent explosions:
- avoid heating in a confined space;
- avoid localized heating;
- do not expose to strong shock waves from explosives;
- avoid contamination with inorganic material, including chlorides and some metals such as chromium, copper, cobalt and nickel;
What is the initial treatment for cyanide toxicity?
Where cyanide is found and how it is used
- Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants such as cassava, lima beans and almonds. ...
- Cyanide is contained in cigarette smoke and the combustion products of synthetic materials such as plastics. ...
- In manufacturing, cyanide is used to make paper, textiles, and plastics. ...
What is the antidote of cyanide?
Currently, the available cyanide antidotes are hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. The three available antidotes are given via intravenous (IV) infusion and, therefore, can only be administered by qualified healthcare professionals.
Which nitrate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning?
SODIUM NITRITE AND SODIUM THIOSULFATE ARE EFFECTIVE AGAINST ACUTE CYANIDE POISONING WHEN ADMINISTERED BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION.
What are amyl nitrates used for?
Amyl nitrite is related to the nitrate medicines and is used by inhalation to relieve the pain of angina attacks. It works by relaxing blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload.
How do doctors treat cyanide?
Cyanide poisoning is treated with specific antidotes and supportive medical care in a hospital setting. Antidotes for cyanide poisoning are most useful if given as soon as possible after exposure. Clinicians should treat suspected cases accordingly and not wait for laboratory confirmation.
Why is nitrite used in cyanide poisoning?
Nitrites oxidize the iron in hemoglobin to produce methemoglobin. Because nitrites are accepted antidotes for cyanide poisoning, for many years methemoglobin formation was assumed to be their sole antidotal mechanism of action.
How does oxygen help cyanide poisoning?
A high tension of oxygen can block the respiratory gasp reaction to intravenous cyanide in man; it can partially reverse electrocardiographic anoxic changes of a dog poisoned by cyanide; it can protect goldfish from lethal doses of this histotoxic agent.
What is the difference between amyl nitrate and amyl nitrite?
Amyl nitrate is a chemical compound used as a diesel additive. It is often confused with amyl nitrite, a substance used to treat certain heart conditions and abused as a recreational drug commonly known as poppers.
How long does a popper last?
Amyl and butyl nitrite are generally inhaled. The effects of the drug start after about 15 seconds, and last for up to 3 minutes. Poppers go off within a few hours if the bottle is left open or not properly closed. If they are stored correctly in the fridge, they stay fresh for a couple of weeks.
What is Jungle Juice Black Label?
A luxurious and elegant scent popper formulated with the best quality ingredients. The primary active component is isobutyl Nitrite. Jungle Juice Black Label is sold as a liquid aroma, room odorizer, and leather cleaner. Benefits include muscle relaxation, blood circulation, euphoria, and Increasing sex drive.
Is Sugar an antidote to cyanide?
One study found a reduction in cyanide toxicity in mice when the cyanide was first mixed with glucose. However, as yet glucose on its own is not an officially acknowledged antidote to cyanide poisoning.
What does sodium thiosulfate do to cyanide?
Sodium thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate by the enzyme rhodanese, whereas hydroxocobalamin binds cyanide and forms the nontoxic cyanocobalamin, which is renally excreted.
Can cyanide be detected in autopsy?
Cyanide was identified and confirmed in biological samples from autopsies and articles left by the deceased in other 163 cases. Concentrations of cyanide in heart blood and peripheral blood. The concentrations of cyanide were determined in biological samples, such as heart blood and peripheral blood (femoral vein).
How is Amyl Nitrite used?
How is it used? Amyl nitrite was used medically in the past for the treatment of angina, and has been used for the treatment for of cyanide poisoning. 3, 4. Recreationally, it’s used to enhance sexual experience or to experience a general sense of pleasure.
What are the effects of amyl nitrate?
The effects of amyl nitrate include: initial ‘rush’ of euphoria. flushing of the face. increased heart rate. dizziness. warming sensations. feelings of excitement. involuntary muscle relaxation, especially the anal and vaginal sphincter.
What happens if you use amyl nitrite?
9 Frequent use can also cause a rash around the mouth, nose and eyes, or any skin in regular contact with the vapour. 10 This can look like a skin irritation. Direct fluid contact with skin can cause burns and should be avoided. 8
What is the risk of erectile dysfunction with Amyl Nitrite?
Amyl nitrite + Viagra or other erectile dysfunction medications: a high risk that the person will lose consciousness due to a sudden and extreme drop in blood pressure. 11 This may require immediate medical attention – call 000 in case of an emergency.
How to get help with amyl nitrite?
Getting help. If your use of amyl nitrite is affecting your health, family, relationships, work, school, financial or other life situations, you can find help and support. Call 1300 85 85 84 to speak to a real person and get answers to your questions as well as advice on practical ‘next steps’.
What is the class of drugs that are classified as alkyl nitrites?
Classified as an inhalant, it belongs to a class of drugs known as alkyl nitrites, which also includes butyl nitrite, isobutyl nitrite and isopropyl nitrite. 1. Amyl nitrite is a vasodilator. Vasodilators are medicines that cause the blood vessels in the body to dilate and the involuntary smooth muscles to relax, lowering blood pressure. 2, 3.
Is Amyl Nitrite a Schedule 4 drug?
Currently Amyl Nitrite is a Schedule 4 drug that requires a prescription for use. 12 As of February 2020, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) have chosen to down-schedule Amyl Nitrite to a Schedule 3 medicine so that people will be able to purchase it from a pharmacist without needing a prescription. 12.
How long does amyl nitrate last?
Amyl nitrate is used at clubs and dance parties. The effects are felt within 30 seconds of inhalation and last for two to three minutes.
What is Amyl Nitrite?
Amyl nitrite is classified as an inhalant and is a vasodilator which means it dilates blood vessels. It is one of the alkyl nitrite class of drugs.
Can amyl nitrite cause heart attack?
Taking Viagra or other drugs used to treat erection problems with amyl nitrite and /or other nitrites can cause a serious decrease in blood pressure, leading to fainting, stroke, or even heart attack.
What is Narcotics Anonymous?
Narcotics Anonymous Australia, a non profit fellowship or society of recovering addicts who meet regularly to help each other stay clean via a program of complete abstinence from all drugs.
Can you take amyl nitrite while breastfeeding?
If a mother uses amyl nitrite while breastfeeding, it is possible that the drug will be present in her milk and have adverse effects on the baby. It is generally risky to take any drug while breastfeeding without medical advice.
Is it illegal to drive under the influence of amyl nitrite?
Driving under the influence. It is illegal to drive under the influence of drugs, including amyl nitrite. If you break this law you could lose your licence for a set time, and/or be fined. Anyone under the influence of amyl nitrite who kills or injures another person while driving can be sentenced to a term in prison.
Can nitrites cause death?
While the possibility of death or serious injury from inhaling nitrites is fairly remote, if they are swallowed rather than inhaled they can cause major medical problems by interfering with the ability of the blood to transport oxygen.
What happens if you get too much cyanide?
The body can be routinely exposed to small amounts of cyanide and needs to be able to handle this small amount on an everyday basis. There is an enzyme that converts cyanide to a form that can be eliminated from the body. However, if there is too much cyanide, then this enzyme is overwhelmed.
What is the name of the kit for cyanide?
In the hospital, a common treatment is the Cyanide Antidote Kit. It is also known as the Lilly Kit, Pasadena Kit or the Taylor Kit. These are in short supply — often there is only one or two available to each emergency department. The kit contains three drugs. First, there is Amyl Nitrite for inhalation.
Is cyanide a terrorism?
By Dr. Ken Lavelle, MD, NREMT-P. Cyanide is deadly. It can be encountered in either terrorism or a building fire, but the signs and symptoms are vague.
Can EMS use thiosulfate alone?
As EMS cannot really use the first two drugs in the Cyanide Antidote Kit for a smoke inhalation victim for reasons mentioned before, it has been proposed that perhaps the third drug, Sodium Thiosulfate, can be given alone.
What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning?
Depending on the scenario, victims might require cardiopulmonary resuscitation, supplemental 100% oxygen, decontamination, and other supportive care. 4, 5 Most cyanide exposures will result in activation of emergency medical services (EMS).
When should cyanide be given?
Ideally, cyanide antidotes should be given soon after exposure to unconscious victims with known or strongly suspected cyanide poisoning. 2, 4, 5 Because all currently FDA-approved cyanide antidotes are IV infusions, they should only be given by healthcare professionals whose scope of practice includes administration of IV drugs.
What is the OSHA number for cyanide antidotes?
To report an emergency, file a complaint with OSHA or ask a safety and health question, call 1-800-321-6742 (OSHA). Standard Number:
What should an EMS provider do when there is a foreseeable risk of cyanide exposure?
Therefore, when there is a foreseeable risk of cyanide exposure, employers should communicate with their local EMS agency to plan for exposure controls, hazard recognition, training, and treatment availability. Inspection guidance.
Is Amyl Nitrite a cyanide?
Amyl nitrite (which was given via in halation) is no longer available in cyanide antidote kits in the U.S., and is no longer an acceptable initial therapeutic response. Currently, the available cyanide antidotes are hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate.
Does Amyl Nitrite require a prescription?
The prior memo stated in part, “ Amyl Nitrite continues to require a physician’s prescription and the administration of this drug in an emergency situation by the designated first aide responder is the medically accepted initial response.
How long does amyl nitrite stay in your system?
While standard drug tests do not test for amyl nitrite, the drug can remain in your system and test positive in urine for up to three days but could remain even longer depending on your weight, water retention, age, and metabolism.
When did amyl nitrite poppers become popular?
By the late 1970s, amyl nitrite poppers emerged as a popular party drug, particularly in the LGBTQ community in the disco and rave scene. It was originally packaged in small, fragile glass capsules that were broken, or popped, and inhaled, earning the drug its nickname. Though it began as a “new drug craze” in the LGBTQ community, ...
Is amyl nitrite dangerous?
When the vapor is inhaled at a proper dose, amyl nitrite poses a very low toxicity risk. However, adverse effects are more dangerous at high doses. Poppers are considered very dangerous when ingested instead of inhaled. When swallowed, amyl nitrite can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and death. Aspiration of liquid amyl nitrite can also lead ...
Does amyl nitrite cause risky sexual behavior?
Studies are able to find a correlation between an increase in risky sexual behavior and the use of popular club drugs. In the case of amyl nitrite poppers, the combination of increasing libido and lowering inhibitions can result in risky sexual behaviors like unprotected sex with strangers.
Can you mix amyl nitrite with MDMA?
Using amyl nitrite with other drugs can be unpredictable, and in some cases, deadly. When the drug is combined with MDMA or amphetamines, it can place an increased strain on the heart. The body is put under excess stress and can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure.
Can amyl nitrite poppers cause euphoria?
However, in some circumstances, they can still produce negative side effects. While many users only report excessive laughter and physical euphoria after taking amyl nitrite poppers. However, some pervasive effects occur in many users including: Disinhibition, or a loss of restraint in decision making that can lead to reckless or bold choices.
What are the side effects of a syringe?
The presence of certain medical conditions can exaggerate the effects or have grave consequences for those who use the drug. While someone should never use these drugs recreationally, if you choose to do so, you must consult with your doctor to ensure you have no underlying medical conditions. Such conditions to look out for include: 1 Anemia 2 Glaucoma 3 Overactive thyroid 4 High blood pressure 5 Recent stroke, heart attack, or head injury
