Chemical Treatment
- Selection of Water-Treatment Technology. Chemical treatment technology as described in Chapter 2, Chemical Treatment Technology, is remarkably fast in treating water where added chemical reagents cause qualitative improvement of water.
- Equipment solids removal efficiency. ...
- Industry-Specific Water Treatment. ...
How are chemicals used in wastewater treatment?
Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of processes to expedite disinfection. These chemical processes, which induce chemical reactions, are called chemical unit processes and are used alongside biological and physical cleaning processes to achieve various water standards.
What are the treatment methods used in chemical treatment?
Chemical treatment is used by most CB facilities. Treatment includes chlorination for disinfection purposes and oxidation of some impurities in the water. The water is then softened through the addition of lime to reduce alkalinity by removing magnesium and calcium bicarbonates.
What is chemotherapy and how does it work?
Chemotherapy is the use of any drug to treat any disease. But to most people, the word chemotherapy means drugs used for cancer treatment. It’s often shortened to “chemo.”
What are chemical unit processes in water treatment?
These chemical processes, which induce chemical reactions, are called chemical unit processes and are used alongside biological and physical cleaning processes to achieve various water standards. Specialized chemicals such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite (bleach)...
What is the purpose of chemical treatment?
Chemical treatment is the most common technique to functionalize the surface of a polymer and uses chemical species (gaseous or solutions) that will react with the existing functional groups of the polymer.
What is chemical treatment system?
Chemical Treatment Systems. Specifically chosen for your conditions, these chemical treatment units automatically control the release of agents into your water to control scale, suspended solids, and microbiological growth in your system. Compact and flexible for your cooling tower and chilled water applications.
What is the purpose of chemical water treatment?
Chemical water treatment can be successfully used for the removal of both toxic organic and inorganic compounds, and physical–chemical methods are intended to remove a wide range on contaminants from water starting from organic and inorganic compounds and ending with biological pollution.
What are chemical treatments for hair?
Here are four chemical treatments you may be able to get for your hair.Chemical Relaxer. A good relaxer will remove around 85% of texture/curl. ... Hair Texturizer. A hair texturizer is essentially a lower-profile chemical relaxer. ... Permanent Wave. ... Specialty and Design Perms.
What is a chemical treatment vs biological treatment?
Fundamentally, biological treatment uses living bacteria to do the bulk of the purification while chemical treatment uses chemical reactants to accomplish the work, and at first glance, the comparisons seem straightforward—but what contaminants do each of these processes remove?
Is chemical treatment method the best way to treat wastewater?
Chemical. Chlorine is the chemical most often used in treating sewage and other types of wastewater. The process is called chlorination. This is the most effective means of destroying a variety of viruses and bacteria.
What is the process of chemical water treatment?
The mostly implemented chemical treatment processes are: chemical precipitation, neutralization, adsorption, disinfection (chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light), and ion exchange.
What chemicals are used for chemical water treatment?
Specialized chemicals such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) act as agents that disinfect, sanitize, and assist in the purification of wastewater at treatment facilities.
Does chemical treatment damage hair?
Hair becomes chemically damaged when harsh chemicals used in perms, brazilian blowouts, hair color dyes and bleach attack the protective outer layer of your hair (the cuticle), leaving cracks in the exterior. For example, hair color penetrates the cuticle in order to access the cortex that changes the hair.
Is chemical treatment for hair good?
Chemicals Can Also Cause Hair Damage and Health Issues Some women have experienced burnt hair and hair loss, others tend to end up with drier hair than before. But the women who have suffered only damaged hair can count themselves lucky, as these treatments can also cause damage to our health.
Can chemical treatment cause baldness?
Chemical hair treatments and scalp health The scalp is the source of nutrition for proper hair growth, and chemicals can easily be absorbed by the scalp and deteriorate the quality of new hair growth. Prolonged use of chemicals may even burn the scalp, causing the permanent loss of certain hair follicles.
What is the chemical that is mixed with water?
The way they get away with it is by claiming that when formaldehyde is mixed with water, a new chemical called methylene glycol is created. For a list of all ingredients to keep an eye out for, as they are all other names for formaldehyde, check Nutrafol’s article about the Brazilian blowout.
Can chemicals cause hair loss?
Chemicals Can Also Cause Hair Damage and Health Issues. But there are side effects that are more immediately apparent than a change in your hair structure. Some women have experienced burnt hair and hair loss, others tend to end up with drier hair than before.
Why do we use chemical treatments?
Chemical treatments are normally applied for one of two reasons: (1) to assist in dust release, especially where moist sticky dusts, possibly containing oil or water vapour are encountered; or (2) to provide protection from chemically aggressive gases such as SO2 and SO 3, referred to earlier.
Why is chemical treatment important?
Chemical treatment of wastes will help us to transform high hazardous waste to lesser hazardous nature . Chemical treatment also helps us to recover valuable by-products from hazardous wastes, thus reducing overall costs of the disposal of wastes.
How to determine neutralization of an acid?
Neutralization of an acid or base is easily determined by measuring its pH. Acid -based reaction s are most common chemical process used in hazardous waste treatment. Neutralization prior to landfill will be necessary so that interreactions are avoided in landfill.
What is the purpose of oxidation?
Chemical oxidation can treat specific chemical contaminants like heavy metals, iron, and manganese. Advanced oxidation addresses highly refractory substances. Chemical neutralization using alkali and acid is often essential for biological treatment and even in chemical precipitation.
What is the chemical treatment of natural fibers?
Chemical treatment involves treatment of the natural fibers with various types of chemicals such as NaOH, silane, etc., which could create changes in the chemical composition of the fiber and its microstructure such that the fiber–matrix adhesion characteristic is enhanced, thus leading to better impact properties of the composite. Sodium hydroxide treatment of natural fibers, which is a cost-effective and simple technique, was the most commonly used chemical method in studies by various researchers. Sodium hydroxide has been found to be used individually and in combination with other chemicals such as silane, Na2 SO 3, sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.
What is chemical precipitation?
Chemical precipitation is a pH adjustment process mainly used for removal of dissolved metals from aqueous wastes. An acid or base is added to a solution to adjust the pH to a point where the constituents to be removed reach their lowest solubility. The solubility of metals decreases as pH increases and the metal ions precipitate out of the solution as hydroxide. Metals can be precipitated by adding alkaline agents, such as lime or caustic soda to raise pH. To remove
What is the treatment of water base drilling fluid?
Chemical treatment. Chemical treatment of a water-base drilling fluid for solids removal involves adding a “flocculant” to the drilling fluid. This causes extremely small solids to agglomerate together so they can be removed mechanically or allowed to settle by gravity in the mud tanks.
How does chemical stabilization work?
Chemical Stabilization. This chemical wastewater treatment process works in a similar fashion as chemical oxidation. Sludge is treated with a large amount of a given oxidant, such as chlorine. The introduction of the oxidant slows down the rate of biological growth within the sludge and also helps deodorize the mixture.
What is wastewater treatment?
The initial stage of wastewater treatment involves mechanical processes, which remove some 20-30% of solids in the water. First, the wastewater is directed to a screen or a sieve drum that filters out impurities that are relatively coarse, such as leaves, textiles, paper, or other large materials. A series of screens are used with various degrees ...
How does alkaline chlorination work?
The pollutants then undergo structural modification, becoming less destructive compounds. Alkaline chlorination uses chlorine as an oxidant against cyanide. However, alkaline chlorination as a chemical oxidation process can lead to the creation of toxic chlorinated compounds, and additional steps may be required. Advanced oxidation can help remove any organic compounds that are produced as a byproduct of chemical oxidation, through processes such as steam stripping, air stripping, or activated carbon adsorption.
What chemicals are used to disinfect wastewater?
Specialized chemicals such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) act as agents that disinfect, sanitize, and assist in the purification of wastewater at treatment facilities. There are several distinct chemical unit processes, including chemical coagulation, chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ...
What is the primary objective of wastewater treatment?
The primary objective of wastewater treatment processes is to purify the water and make certain that it is safe for subsequent use once it has been returned to the environment as part of the water cycle. Wastewater treatment involves a number of stages involving processes that are mechanical (physical)-based, biological-based, chemical-based, ...
How to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons from wastewater?
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides can be effectively removed from wastewater by the use of ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Advanced oxidation processes are also used for the degradation of drug substances like antibiotics or cytostatic drugs that might be found in the water.
What is the purpose of neutralizing wastewater?
Neutralization. Neutralization involves the addition of chemicals for the purpose of adjusting the pH of the wastewater. This involves the addition of acids (to lower pH) or alkalis (to raise pH) depending on the initial pH of the influent.
How is chemical dependence treated?
How is Chemical Dependency Treated? If you have developed physical dependence (chemical dependence) on a medication as a result of using it to treat a disease or disorder while under the supervision of your physician, and you decide to discontinue it, your physician will likely taper you off the drug.
What are the best ways to treat chemical dependency?
Many different types of behavioral interventions can assist in the treatment of chemical dependency, including different methods to help you control cravings for drugs or alcohol, diaphragmatic breathing techniques, stress management techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, meditation, and exercise programs.
What are the chemicals that can cause addiction?
Chemicals that can produce chemical addiction include alcohol, prescription drugs, illicit drugs, and even some over-the-counter medications.
What is chemical dependency?
Chemical dependency or chemical addiction is the normal reaction to the repetitive use of many different types of drugs or medications. Initially, when you first take the substance, you feel some type of reaction to it. However, as you continue to take the substance repeatedly, your body develops a sort of resistance to the effects ...
What are the different types of drugs that can be used to treat psychosis?
Instead, several different types of drugs might be administered to you to address the specific symptoms you are having. These could include benzodiazepines to treat psychosis and potential seizures, specific drugs to address cravings for meth, and other drugs to treat lethargy, drowsiness, and increased appetite.
Why do you need more of a drug?
Over time, as you continue to take more and more of the drug, your system produces higher levels of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other substances that counteract the effects of the drug.
Why do you have to take more of a drug to get the same effect?
However, as you continue to take the substance repeatedly, your body develops a sort of resistance to the effects of the substance (tolerance), and you need to take more of the substance to get the same effect. Tolerance develops because your system produces other substances that counteract the effects of the drug.
What is chemical castration?
Anna Efetova/GettyImages. Chemical castration is the use of drugs to lower the production of hormones in your testicles. Doctors use this method to treat hormone-related cancers, such as prostate cancer. Other names for chemical castration are:
How long does chemical castration last?
Chemical castration lasts as long as you continue to take the drugs. Once you stop taking them, hormone production returns to normal. The effects are generally reversible. But if you’ve been taking the medications for a long time, some side effects may continue.
What are the side effects of chemical castration?
Side effects of chemical castration can include: reduced or absent sexual desire. erectile dysfunction (ED) shrinkage of testicles and penis. fatigue. hot flashes. breast tenderness and growth of breast tissue ( gynecomastia) Over the long term, chemical castration may also lead to: osteoporosis.
What is chemo used for?
More often, chemo is used with surgery or radiation therapy or both. And it's sometimes used with other drugs, such as targeted therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy. For example, chemo may be used... To shrink a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. Chemo used in this way is called neoadjuvant therapy.
How often is chemo given?
Chemotherapy is commonly given at regular intervals called cycles. A cycle may be a dose of one or more drugs on one or more days, followed by several days or weeks without treatment. This gives normal cells time to recover from drug side effects. Sometimes, doses may be given a certain number of days in a row, or every other day for several days, followed by a period of rest. Some drugs work best when given continuously over a set number of days.
What is the term for the use of drugs to treat cancer?
Chemotherapy refers to the use of any drug to treat any disease. But to most people, the word chemotherapy ( or "chemo") means drugs used for cancer treatment. It's important to know that not all medicines and drugs to treat cancer work the same way. It used to be that the only kind of drug that could treat cancer was traditional or standard chemo, ...
What is the term for the process of shrinking a tumor?
To shrink a tumor before surgery or radiation therapy. Chemo used in this way is called neoadjuvant therapy . After surgery or radiation therapy to help kill any remaining cancer cells in the body. Chemo used in this way is called adjuvant therapy.
Why do people need chemo?
When the cancer is at an advanced stage, probably cannot be controlled, and has spread, the goal of giving chemo may be to improve the quality of life or help the person feel better. For instance, chemo may be used to help shrink a tumor that’s causing pain or pressure so the patient feels better and has less pain.
What is radiation therapy?
Surgery removes a tumor from a part of the body where cancer has been found, and radiation therapy is aimed at a certain area of the body to kill or damage cancer cells. Treatments like these are called local treatments because they affect one part of the body.
Why do children have different levels of sensitivity to drugs?
Because children’s bodies process drugs differently, dosages for children and adults differ, even after BSA is taken into account. Children may have different levels of sensitivity to the drugs, too. Besides doses being different for children, dosages of some drugs may also be adjusted for people who: Are elderly.
How long does a chemical peel last?
Normal healing from a chemical peel involves redness of the treated skin. After a medium or deep chemical peel, redness might last for a few months. Scarring. Rarely, a chemical peel can cause scarring — typically on the lower part of the face.
How to get white skin after chemical peel?
During a medium chemical peel: Your doctor will use a cotton-tipped applicator or gauze to apply a chemical solution containing trichloroacetic acid , sometimes in combination with glycolic acid. The treated skin will begin to whiten. After a few minutes, your doctor will apply cool compresses to soothe treated skin.
What is chemical peel?
A chemical peel is a procedure in which a chemical solution is applied to the skin to remove the top layers. The skin that grows back is smoother. With a light or medium peel, you may need to undergo the procedure more than once to get the desired results. Chemical peels are used to treat wrinkles, discolored skin and scars — usually on the face. ...
What is a medium peel?
Medium chemical peel. A medium chemical peel removes skin cells from the epidermis and from portions of the upper part of your middle layer of skin (dermis). It's used to treat wrinkles, acne scars and uneven skin tone. You might need to repeat the procedure to achieve or maintain the desired result.
What is the chemical solution used for a chemical peel?
During a light chemical peel: Your doctor will use a brush, cotton ball, gauze or sponge to apply a chemical solution typically containing glycolic acid or salicylic acid. The treated skin will begin to whiten. You might feel mild stinging while the chemical solution is on your skin.
What doctor do you see for chemical peels?
Choose a doctor with knowledge of the skin and procedure — a dermatologist or dermatologic surgeon. Results can be variable and depend on the expertise of the person doing the peel. Improperly done, a chemical peel can result in complications, including infection and permanent scars.
How long before a hair peel should I stop using hair removal?
Avoid certain cosmetic treatments and certain types of hair removal. About a week before the peel, stop using hair removal techniques such as electrolysis or depilatories. Also, avoid hair dying treatments, permanent-wave or hair-straightening treatments, facial masks, or facial scrubs in the week before your peel.
Overview
Chemical castration, sometimes called medical castration, refers to the use of chemicals or drugs to stop sex hormone production. While many people know about this process as a way to stop sex offenders, medical castration is used as a treatment for tumors that feed on sex hormones.
Procedure Details
Before your healthcare provider suggests chemical castration, they’ll need to know if the type of cancer you have is the type that might respond to hormone therapy.
Recovery and Outlook
There’s really no recovery time. You should be able to go back to work or school immediately. You can eat and drink what you like. That’s not to say that you might not have uncomfortable side effects.
When to Call the Doctor
Call your healthcare provider if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you, including existing symptoms that get worse or new symptoms that appear. In most cases, your provider will give you specific things to look out for, but it’s always a good idea to reach out if you have any questions or issues.
Additional Details
Yes, it’s a medical treatment. Chemical castration is used to treat certain forms of cancer. If you’re thinking about chemical castration as a legal option or a criminal consequence, the laws vary by state.
What is chemo used for?
Many different kinds of chemotherapy or chemo drugs are used to treat cancer – either alone or in combination with other drugs or treatments. These drugs are very different in their chemical composition (what they are made of), how they are prescribed and given, how useful they are in treating certain types of cancer, ...
How does chemo work?
Chemotherapy works with the cell cycle. Every time any new cell is formed, it goes through a usual process to become a fully functioning (or mature) cell. The process involves a series of phases and is called the cell cycle. Chemotherapy drugs target cells at different phases of the cell cycle. Understanding how these drugs work helps doctors ...
How do alkylating agents work?
Alkylating agents. Alkylating agents keep the cell from reproducing (making copies of itself) by damaging its DNA. These drugs work in all phases of the cell cycle and are used to treat many different cancers, including cancers of the lung, breast, and ovary as well as leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, and sarcoma.
How are chemo drugs grouped?
Types of chemo drugs. Chemo drugs can be grouped by how they work, their chemical structure, and their relationships to other drugs. Some drugs work in more than one way, and may belong to more than one group. (Note: not all chemotherapy drugs are listed here.)
What are alkaloids used for?
(Enzymes are proteins that cause chemical reactions in living cells.) Topoisomerase inhibitors are used to treat certain leukemias, as well as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers.
What does it mean when you get chemo?
Each time chemo is given, it means trying to find a balance between killing the cancer cells (in order to cure or control the disease) and sparing the normal cells (to lessen side effects).
What is the purpose of mitotic inhibitors?
They are compounds derived from natural products, such as plants. They work by stopping cells from dividing to form new cells, but can damage cells in all phases by keeping enzymes from making proteins needed for cell reproduction.
Mechanical Wastewater Treatment Processes
- The initial stage of wastewater treatment involves mechanical processes, which remove some 20-30% of solids in the water. First, the wastewater is directed to a screen or a sieve drum that filters out impurities that are relatively coarse, such as leaves, textiles, paper, or other large materials. A series of screens are used with various degrees of fineness from several centimeters down to a …
Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes
- Following the mechanical treatment stage, effluent is passed to a biological-based process for further purification. Aeration tanks are utilized to add oxygen to the water and to put the water into circulation through the use of propellers. The oxygen stimulates the growth of bacteria and microorganisms which feed off of any organic contaminants in the water and convert those into …
Chemical Wastewater Treatment Processes
- Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of processes to expedite disinfection. These chemical processes, which induce chemical reactions, are called chemical unit processes and are used alongside biological and physical cleaning processes to achieve various water standards. Specialized chemicals such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxid...
Summary
- Processing of wastewater for use, or recycling and reuse, represents a unification of several distinct technologies, including specialized chemicals, mechanical filtration products, purification systems, specially designed equipment, and wastewater treatment servicesto obtain satisfactory solutions to the challenges of water purification and remediation. This article provided a review …