Is serum phosphate related to anxiety in unipolar depression?
Abstract. Serum inorganic phosphate was measured in 33 hospitalized patients with unipolar depression. As predicted, serum phosphate showed significant negative correlations with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales sensitive to anxiety (Psychasthenia: -0.33) and somatic concern (Hypochondriasis: -0.51).
What is phosphite and phosphorous?
Sep 01, 2010 · Phosphorus was first used medically around 1710. Johann Lincke, a German apothecary, sold pills, allegedly containing 200 mg of yellow phosphorus protected from the atmosphere by a surface layer of gold or silver, for treating 'colic, asthmatic fevers, tetanus, apoplexy and gout.' 1 (Elemental phosphorus is a powerful reducing agent and the ...
What is phosphorus used for?
Reinventing Depression: A History of the Treatment of Depression in Primary Care, 1940–2004. Reinventing Depression: A History of the Treatment of Depression in Primary Care, 1940–2004 by Christopher M. Callahan, M.D., and German E. Berrios, M.D. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., 2004, 214 pages, $49.95. Remember the mid-1980s?
What is the history of phosphorus in medicine?
May 08, 2020 · Sometimes people with high levels of phosphorus experience feelings of fatigue, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbances, and in some cases, anorexia. Some causes of high phosphorus levels include: Chronic or acute kidney disease. Low parathyroid hormone levels ( hypoparathyroidism) Cell damage.
See more
Apr 19, 2012 · The first such drug, Zimelidine, was created by a Swedish researcher, Arvid Carlsson. Following Carlsson’s lead, pharmaceutical chemists threw their efforts and finances into finding serotonin ...
What do phosphates and phosphites do?
What are phosphates or phosphites?
What was John treatment in The Yellow Wallpaper?
Why is the narrator depressed in The Yellow Wallpaper?
What is phosphate medication used for?
What is the difference between phosphate and phosphorus?
How does the husband treat the wife in The Yellow Wallpaper?
What does the creeping figure in the wallpaper represent The Yellow Wallpaper?
How does the narrator's husband treat her in The Yellow Wallpaper?
The narrator was in a marriage whereby her husband dominated and treated her like a child. Her husband was the sole decision maker and since she lived in a society whereby women were never allowed to question their husband's decisio... ...
What was wrong with the woman in The Yellow Wallpaper?
What does Jane symbolize in The Yellow Wallpaper?
Is there a child in The Yellow Wallpaper?
When was phosphorus discovered?
Hennig Brandt discovered phosphorus in 1669. The element was used to treat a variety of illnesses from gout to tuberculosis. Source: Corbis. Elemental yellow phosphorus was isolated by the Hamburg merchant Hennig Brandt (or Brand) in 1669. He allowed urine to ferment, boiled it down and dry-distilled the residue with potassium hydrogensulfate.
Who isolated yellow phosphorus?
Elemental yellow phosphorus was isolated by the Hamburg merchant Hennig Brandt (or Brand) in 1669. He allowed urine to ferment, boiled it down and dry-distilled the residue with potassium hydrogensulfate. The product, the more reactive of the two common allotropes of phosphorus, spontaneously inflamed in air (at ca 37°C) and glowed in the dark.
What did the early Middle Ages use to treat illnesses?
In the early Middle Ages 'physicians' treated most illnesses ineffectually, with herbs and plant extracts. Paracelsus (1493-1541) challenged this practice, suggesting inorganic chemical remedies would be better.
What is yellow phosphorus used for?
The element was used to treat a variety of illnesses from gout to tuberculosis. Source: Corbis. Elemental yellow phosphorus was isolated by the Hamburg merchant Hennig Brandt (or Brand) in 1669. He allowed urine to ferment, boiled it down and dry-distilled the residue with potassium hydrogensulfate.
How many grains of phosphorus did the sailor give him?
Two grains of phosphorus was given to him at 2 o'clock, and two more in the evening, which restored him to his senses, and occasioned a copious sweat. Proper remedies were afterwards employed, which occasioned his recovery.3.
Who discovered that ducks died from phosphorus?
This report chimes with an observation made by the French chemist Bertrand Pelletier, undated but probably a little earlier: A drake and several ducks having drunk from a basin containing a solution of phosphorus and copper, died.
Is phosphorus found in urine?
Phosphorus is unique among elements in first being discovered in human urine. The glowing substance must have been an extraordinary sight for Brandt and the early finding of high levels of phosphorus in brain tissue would have reinforced its mystery. No wonder that it was later promoted as a 'brain food'.
Why is phosphorus important?
Eating adequate amounts of phosphorus is important in maintaining health and wellness. The good news is that phosphorus is found in many foods including dairy, ...
What is sodium phosphate?
Treating Constipation. Sodium phosphate is found in over-the-counter enemas and other oral medications and is effective in the treatment of constipation. This class of laxatives helps promote a bowel movement by drawing water into the bowel, which softens the stool and makes it easier to pass.
Is phosphorus good for you?
Health Benefits. Possible Side Effects. Dosage. What to Look For. Phosphorus is an essential mineral which plays a role in many functions of the body, including the structure of bone and teeth, muscle, and nerve conductions, filtering waste out of the body, DNA and RNA synthesis, and balancing the use of certain vitamins.
Is phosphorus a mineral?
Possible Side Effects. Dosage. What to Look For. Phosphorus is an essential mineral which plays a role in many functions of the body, including the structure of bone and teeth, muscle, and nerve conductions, filtering waste out of the body, DNA and RNA synthesis, and balancing the use of certain vitamins.
Where is phosphorus found in the body?
Approximately 85% of the body's phosphorus is found in bones and teeth. The remaining 15% is distributed through the soft tissues. In the body, phosphorus exists as phosphate, which is a salt of phosphorus. Doctors usually use the terms "phosphorus" and "phosphate" interchangeably.
Can you take phosphorus with food?
Doctors usually use the terms "phosphorus" and "phosphate" interchangeably. Most of the phosphorus we need can be consumed by food, as it is plentiful in the diet. Very few people need to supplement with phosphate. In fact, some populations must monitor their phosphorus intake.
Do you need phosphorus if you eat protein?
Generally, if you eat enough protein and calcium-rich foods, you are eating enough phosphorus. Phosphorus is also used as an additive in many processed foods and beverages. Most people do not have a problem getting the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of phosphorus. Verywell / JR Bee Owner.
What causes depression in the brain?
Perhaps some forms of depression occur when a stimulus — genetics, environment or stress — causes the death of nerve cells in the hippocampus. In the nondepressed brain, circuits of nerve cells in the hippocampus may send signals to the subcallosal cingulate to regulate mood.
How do antidepressants work?
For decades, a central theory in psychiatry has been that antidepressants worked by raising serotonin levels in the brain. In depressed brains, the serotonin signal had somehow been “weakened” because of a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters.
Does lowering serotonin cause depression?
But an important fact stands out in the McGill experiment: lowering serotonin does not have any effect on healthy volunteers with no history of depression, but serotonin-lowering has a surprisingly brisk effect on people with a family history of depression.
Does Prozac help with depression?
In the late 1980s, studies examined the effect of Prozac on depressed subjects. Several of these trials showed Prozac reduced the symptoms of depression when compared with a placebo. Depression is usually assessed using a standardized rating scale of different symptoms.
What is the chemical in Prozac?
Few medicines, in the history of pharmaceuticals, have been greeted with as much exultation as a green-and-white pill containing 20 milligrams of fluoxetine hydrochloride — the chemical we know as Prozac. In her 1994 book “Prozac Nation,” Elizabeth Wurtzel wrote of a nearly transcendental experience on the drug. Before she began treatment with antidepressants, she was living in “a computer program of total negativity . . . an absence of affect, absence of feeling, absence of response, absence of interest.” She floated from one “suicidal reverie” to the next. Yet, just a few weeks after starting Prozac, her life was transformed. “One morning I woke up and really did want to live. . . . It was as if the miasma of depression had lifted off me, in the same way that the fog in San Francisco rises as the day wears on. Was it the Prozac? No doubt.”
How many prescriptions were issued for Prozac in 1988?
In 1988, a year after the Food and Drug Administration approved Prozac, 2,469,000 prescriptions for it were dispensed in America. By 2002, that number had risen to 33,320,000. By 2008, antidepressants were the third-most-common prescription drug taken in America.
Who said antidepressants work better than sugar pills?
In “The Emperor’s New Drugs,” the psychologist Irving Kirsch asserted that antidepressants work no better than sugar pills and that the clinical effectiveness of the drugs is, largely, a myth. If the lodestone book of the 1990s was Peter Kramer’s near-ecstatic testimonial, “Listening to Prozac,” then the book of the 2000s is David Healy’s “Let Them ...
Can phosphite be used as a source of P?
However, where phosphate is vital for numerous metabolic processes in the plant, phosphite, because of its molecular shape, cannot be utilised by plants as a source of P nutrition and, importantly, should not be applied to plants which are deficient in P.
Does phosphite help with M. nivale?
Furthermore, the addition of phosphite to a fungicide can significantly enhance suppression of M. nival e . Phosphite treatment also gives rise to significantly improved visual quality and greater density than the untreated controls. Chipco Green and Bullet Liquid Phosphite are available from the Pitchcare Store.
Does metabolic rate affect phosphite?
A longer term study is showing that metabolic rate affects the amount of time phosphite persists in the leaf tissues, with a trend for increases in accumulations in meristematic tissues.
What is the most commonly used neutralizing substance?
So, to prevent phytotoxicity, it has to be modified prior to use with a neutralising substance, the most commonly used being potassium hydroxide (KOH). When combined, these produce potassium phosphite (KH 2 PO 3 ), which forms the active substance in numerous products currently marketed worldwide as either fungicides or fertilisers.
Which treatment was most effective at reducing M. nivale incidence?
The treatment which was most effective at reducing M. nivale incidence was the combination of iprodione (Chipco Green) and potassium phosphite. These fully inhibited M. nivale incidence on the majority of plots, this total inhibition indicating either differing modes of suppression or a possible synergistic effect.
What did Hippocrates use to treat depression?
He used bloodletting (a supposedly therapeutic technique which removed blood from the body), bathing, exercise, and dieting to treat depression. In contrast to Hippocrates' view, the famous Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero argued that melancholia was caused by violent rage, fear and grief.
What were the treatments for depression?
In contrast, early Roman and Greek doctors thought that depression was both a biological and psychological disease. Gymnastics, massage, special diets, music, and baths, as well as a mixture of poppy extract and donkey's milk were used to treat depressive symptoms.
What is depression called?
Depression was initially called "melancholia". The earliest accounts of melancholia appeared in ancient Mesopotamian texts in the second millennium B.C. At this time, all mental illnesses were thought to be caused when someone was taken over by demons (possession). They were then treated by priests.
What was the first historical understanding of depression?
The first historical understanding of depression was that depression was a spiritual or mental illness rather than a physical one. Ancient Greeks and Romans were divided in their thinking about the causes of melancholia. Literature of the time was filled with references to mental illness caused by spirits or demons.
Who wrote about mental illness?
Literature of the time was filled with references to mental illness caused by spirits or demons. In the 400s B.C., the Greek historian Herodotus wrote about a king who was driven mad by evil spirits. The early Babylonian, Chinese, and Egyptian civilizations also viewed mental illness as a form of demonic possession.
What were the four humours Hippocrates described?
There were four of these humours: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood. Hippocrates classified mental illnesses into categories that included mania, melancholia (depression), and phrenitis (brain fever). Hippocrates thought that melancholia was caused by too much black bile in the spleen.
What mental illness did Hippocrates think was caused by too much black bile in the spleen
Hippocrates classified mental illnesses into categories that included mania, melancholia (depression), and phrenitis (brain fever). Hippocrates thought that melancholia was caused by too much black bile in the spleen.
What is potassium phosphite?
Potassium phosphite is also the main ingredient in several phosphite fertilizer products, including K-Phite (0-29-26), Ele-Max Foliar Phosphite (0-28-26), and Nutri Phite P + K (0-28-26). Alternatively, phosphonic acid can be reacted with ethanol to form ethyl phosphonate.
What is phosphonate product?
Phosphonate. Broadly, any compound containing a carbon to phosphorus bond. More commonly, used to describe products made of the salts or esters of phosphorus acid. Phosphorous acid.
Is phosphonate fertilizer sold in golf?
Numerous phosphonate fungicide and fertilizer products are currently sold in the golf turf market. Although these products have similar active ingredients, they differ in trade name, formulation, label terminology, uses, and price.
What is a phosphonate?
In the broadest sense, the term phosphonate describes any compound containing a carbon to phosphorus bond. Some examples of phosphonate compounds include organophosphate insecticides, antiviral medicines, flame retardants, and some herbicides.
What are some examples of phosphonate compounds?
Some examples of phosphonate compounds include organophosphate insecticides, antiviral medicines, flame retardants, and some herbicides. Phosphonate compounds also occur naturally in some lower life forms, including protozoa, mollusks, coelenterates, and oomycete fungi (6).
How long does it take for phosphonate to be converted to phosphate?
This conversion can take several weeks and is not thought to be a very efficient means of phosphorus delivery to plants when compared with phosphate fertilizers.
What is the chemical formula for phosphonate?
More commonly, used to describe products made of the salts or esters of phosphorus acid. Phosphorous acid. Anhydrous solid substance, often cited by its chemical formula HPO (OH) 2 or H 3 PO 3-. The basic ingredient in phosphonate products.
Does ayahuasca help with depression?
The ‘ Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression ’ (2019) double-blind placebo-controlled study shows that also ayahuasca has the potential to significantly improve the scores in the Depression Rating Scale.
Can psychedelics cause depression?
Moreover, psychedelics can’t directly impact the underlying (family, societal, economic) causes of depression. Taking all of that into consideration, the following 10 publications will summarize the most important studies investigating the potential of psychedelics in the treatment of depression and anxiety. 1.
How many people are affected by depression in 2017?
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by symptoms like mood disturbances, persistent inability to feel pleasure, and suicidal tendencies. Roughly 264 million people worldwide were affected by depression in 2017.