What factors contribute to drug resistant TB?
Factors such as inadequate chemotherapy, poor drug quality, poor adherence to treatment, treatment failure, prior treatment, cavity pulmonary TB, HIV infection and diabetes accounted for the development of drug resistance in TB10,11.
How does TB develop resistance?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, limiting the number of compounds available for treatment. This intrinsic resistance is due to a number of mechanisms including a thick, waxy, hydrophobic cell envelope and the presence of drug degrading and modifying enzymes.
When did TB become drug resistant?
Tuberculosis has existed for many centuries, but it was not until 1944 effective effective antibiotic therapy (streptomycin) became available. In 1950, scientist Renee Dubos predicted that that bacteria would eventually develop resistance to antibiotics through random mutations and natural selection .
What is responsible for the evolution of TB strains that are resistant to multiple drugs?
tuberculosis [14, 16–18]. Instead, the evolution of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics is driven by the sequential acquisition and accumulation of resistance-conferring mutations on the bacterial chromosome.
Why are some mycobacteria resistant to drugs?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, limiting the number of compounds available for treatment. This intrinsic resistance is due to a number of mechanisms including a thick, waxy, hydrophobic cell envelope and the presence of drug degrading and modifying enzymes.
How is drug resistant tuberculosis treated?
Ideally, all patients with MDR-TB should have DST to a fluoroquinolone, and, if an injectable is to be used, DST to second-line injectable (SLI) agents. Ideally, DST for bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid, and pyrazinamide should be performed.
Why has it become more difficult to treat TB over time?
Scientists have assumed that mycobacteria are so hard to kill because dormant cells exist even in patients with active disease and these cells are far less susceptible to antibiotics than metabolically active bacteria.
Is drug-resistant TB increasing?
The global burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has recently increased by an annual rate of more than 20%. According to the World Health Organization approximately only half of all patients treated for MDR-TB achieved a successful outcome.
What Is Tuberculosis (TB)?
Tuberculosis (TB)(https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from person to per...
What Is Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)?
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. These...
What Is Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)?
Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least...
How Does Drug Resistance Happen?
Resistance to anti-TB drugs can occur when these drugs are misused or mismanaged. Examples include when patients do not complete their full course...
Who Is at Risk For Getting MDR TB?
Drug resistance is more common in people who: 1. Do not take their TB medicine regularly 2. Do not take all of their TB medicine as told by their d...
How Can MDR TB Be Prevented?
The most important thing a person can do to prevent the spread of MDR TB is to take all of their medications exactly as prescribed by their health...
Is There A Vaccine to Prevent TB?
Yes, there is a vaccine for TB disease called Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)(https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm). It...
What Should I Do If I Think I Have been Exposed to Someone With TB Disease?
If you think you have been exposed to someone with TB disease, you should contact your doctor or local health department about getting a TB skin te...
What Are The Symptoms of TB Disease?
The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of th...