Full Answer
What is the history of Medicine in ancient Egypt?
Around 1600 BC was written Edwin Smith Papyrus, it describes the use of many herbal drugs, around 1550 BC was written the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus, it covers more than 700 drugs, mainly of plant origin.
What is the most controversial medical treatment in history?
7 of the Most Outrageous Medical Treatments in History. 1 1. Snake Oil—Salesmen and Doctors. Collection of elixirs. (Credit: Efrain Padro/Alamy Stock Photo) 2 2. Cocaine—The Wonder Drug. 3 3. Vibrators—Cure Your Hysteria. 4 4. Fen-Phen—A Miracle Pill for Weight Loss. 5 5. Heroin—The Cure for a Cough. More items
What is the oldest medicine in the world?
Herbs also commonly featured in the medicine of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet. Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs.
What is the first generation antipsychotic drug approved by FDA?
Chlorpromazine was the only traditional antipsychotic drug (or first-generation antipsychotic drug, FGA) approved by USA FDA in 1973 for the treatment of manic episodes in bipolar disorder.
What is the first drug that was approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19?
Remdesivir is the first drug approved by the FDA for treatment of hospitalized COVID patients over the age of 12.
When was the COVID-19 treatment Paxlovid approved by the FDA?
FDA authorized Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) in December 2021 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing who are also at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19
Is Remdesivir approved for treatment of COVID-19?
Remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients (aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg).
What does it mean to be an FDA-approved drug?
FDA approval of a drug means that the agency has determined, based on substantial evidence, that the drug is effective for its intended use, and that the benefits of the drug outweigh its risks when used according to the product’s approved labeling. The drug approval process takes place within a structured framework that includes collecting clinical data and submitting an application to the FDA.
Is Paxlovid recommended for treatment of COVID-19?
Paxlovid continues to be recommended for early-stage treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 among persons at high risk for progression to severe disease. There is currently no evidence that additional treatment for COVID-19 is needed for COVID-19 rebound.
When was the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine approved?
Moderna (Spikevax) COVID-19 vaccine received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on January 31,2022, for individuals ages 18 years and older. Once vaccines are approved by the FDA, companies can market the vaccines under brand names. Spikevax is the brand name for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.
What are the side effects of Remdesivir?
Remdesivir may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:• nausea• constipation• pain, bleeding, bruising of the skin, soreness, or swelling near the place where the medication was injected
Is Remdesivir approved in Europe for treatment of COVID-19?
Since July 2020, remdesivir has been conditionally approved in Europe for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older with pneumonia who require supplemental oxygen but no invasive ventilation.
What is the latest medication for COVID-19?
Paxlovid is the latest COVID-19 treatment that's been all over the news. The drug was granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December for anyone ages 12 and older who weighs at least 88 pounds, and is at high risk for severe disease.
What does it mean to be FDA approved during the COVID-19 pandemic?
FDA approval means that the drug or vaccine in question has been extensively tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
Are the FDA-approved vaccines effective at preventing COVID-19?
Yes. All FDA-approved and FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines prevent COVID-19 and serious health outcomes that COVID-19 can cause, including hospitalization and death.
Is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine FDA approved in the US?
Yes. In clinical trials, approximately 15,400 individuals 18 years of age and older have received at least 1 dose of the vaccine. Data from these clinical trials supported the Emergency Use Authorization of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine and the approval of SPIKEVAX (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA).
What is the oldest medical procedure?
Considered one of the oldest medical practices, the removal of blood for health purposes was a go-to treatment for thousands of years. Bloodletting was (erroneously) thought to be one way of ridding the body of fluids, called “humors,” which supposedly made people sick when unbalanced. Leeches were eventually utilized in this procedure, and leeching became a highly favored treatment throughout Europe, Asia and America during the 1800s.
What is the oldest surgical technique?
Trepanation, the practice of drilling a hole into the skull, is perhaps the world’s oldest surgical technique. Many skulls, some 10,000 years old, recovered from the Neolithic and Mesolithic periods exhibit evidence not only of trepanation but of new bone growth along the edges of the hole — indicating that the long-gone patients survived. It was thought by the ancient Egyptians to relieve conditions such as headaches, epilepsy, mental illness or cranial trauma. They also believed that a hole in the skull allowed evil spirits to leave the person they were inhabiting. Others practiced the technique as well, including the ancient Greeks, ancient Chinese and ancient Romans.
What is the most common procedure for pituitary tumors?
With around 10,000 people being diagnosed with pituitary tumors each year, transsphenoidal surgery is the most common treatment.
Why do neurosurgeons use trepans?
Today, neurosurgeons make a burr hole in the skull, which exposes the dura mater. It is sometimes done to relieve pressure in situations such as subdural hematoma or hydrocephalus. Craniotomies , during which a piece of skull is removed and eventually replaced, are more now common. Some people have even practiced self-trepanning, believing it would relieve physical ailments, while others have done the same in the name of spiritual enlightenment.
What is the procedure to remove pituitary tumors?
Transsphenoidal surgery is done to remove pituitary tumors. Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary is a pea-sized gland sometimes referred to as the master gland, due to its control over other endocrine glands. In modern times, the surgery is done by inserting a thin, rigid tube called an endoscope through the nose while the patient is under anesthesia — but it used to be a bit more brutal.
What is ECT therapy?
Electroconvulsive therapy, better known as ECT, is a treatment for severe depression or bipolar disorder. During this procedure, small electric currents are sent through the brain, triggering a short seizure believed to cause changes in the brain’s chemistry and relieve symptoms. Although approximately 100,000 people undergo the treatment each year, it’s still considered somewhat controversial.
What is a leech in medical terms?
The leech essentially performs as an artificial vein that draws off excess blood until the patient can grow back venous capillaries of their own. In fact, the worms (along with maggots) were the first living creatures to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as medical devices.
When did the FDA merge with the FDA?
In 1982, the organizational units at the FDA that regulated medical devices and radiation-emitting products merged to form the Center for Devices ...
What is the role of the FDA?
Since then, Congress has expanded the FDA’s role in protecting and promoting the development of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices and radiation-emitting products, human and animal food, and cosmetics. In the 1960s and 1970s, Congress responded to the public’s desire for more oversight over medical devices by passing ...
Why is the FDA collecting user fees?
Granted the FDA the authority to collect user fees for select medical device premarket submissions to help the FDA improve efficiency, quality, and predictability of medical device submission reviews
Why is the FDA required to conduct at least one pilot project?
Required the FDA to conduct at least one pilot project to explore how real-world evidence can improve postmarket surveillance
What is 510k in medical device?
Established the regulatory pathways for new medical devices (devices that were not on the market prior to May 28, 1976, or had been significantly modified) to get to market: Premarket Approval (PMA) and premarket notification (510 (k))
When is FDA required to perform postmarket surveillance?
Authorizing the FDA to require manufacturers to perform postmarket surveillance on permanently implanted devices if permanent harm or death could result from device failure
What is the FD&C Act?
1938: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) Primary statute that authorizes the FDA’s regulation and oversight of medical products. Extended prohibition of interstate commerce to misbranded and adulterated cosmetics and therapeutic medical devices. Authority for factory inspections.
When did maggot therapy stop?
Maggot therapy fell out of use in the 1950s with the widespread availability of antibiotics, but has re-emerged in the 21st century with the rise in antimicrobial resistance and hard-to-treat wounds, Sherman said.
How long has maggot therapy been around?
Compared to other treatments described in this article, maggot therapy is fairly new, having been used for only about 100 years , said Dr. Ronald Sherman, an internal medicine physician and director of the BioTherapeutics, Education and Research Foundation in Irvine, California, a nonprofit organization that promotes the use of live animals to diagnose and treat illness. [ Ear Maggots and Brain Amoebas: 5 Creepy Flesh-Eating Critters]
Why are leeches used in medical?
In the 21st century, the FDA has cleared the use of medical leeches for a condition called venous congestion, in which blood pools in a particular area of the body and the veins can't pump it back to the heart, Sherman said.
What is the treatment for maggots?
The treatment consists of a pplying live "baby flies," or the fly larvae, to a wound. Military surgeons first observed maggots to be beneficial when injured soldiers who remained on the battlefield were found to heal quicker if flies were allowed to lay eggs in their wounds. By 1928, a Johns Hopkins physician developed a way to cultivate medical-grade maggots and make them germ-free before their use in treatment.
How long does it take for a leech to extract blood from a surgical site?
Leeches can extract a significant volume of blood from a surgical site in a short amount of time, about 45 minutes, which allows more oxygen to reach the site, Sherman said.
Why do we need to understand medical procedures and remedies?
Medical procedures and remedies need to be understood in their historical context because the rationale for their use long ago is often very different from the reasons for using them today, said Dr. Scott Podolsky, an internist at Massachusetts General Hospital and the director of the Center for the History of Medicine at Countway Library at Harvard Medical School in Boston. [ 10 Medical Conditions That Sound Fake but Are Actually Real]
When did lobotomy surgery become popular?
Lobotomies were a controversial surgical treatment for some forms of mental illness, including schizophrenia, manic depression and bipolar disorder, that became popular in the late 1930s and remained in steady use until around the mid-1950s. In some instances, the surgery was also inappropriately used for people with mental retardation, chronic headaches and anxiety, according to a medical historian who wrote an editorial on lobotomy published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2005.
Why does the FDA regulate medical devices?
The FDA regulates medical devices sold in the United States to assure their safety and effectiveness.
How to find out which devices have been approved recently?
Find out which devices have been approved recently through the PMA review process or search the Premarket Approval (PMA) database.
What were the first sedatives for bipolar disorder?
In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and early 20th century, such as solanaceae alkaloids, bromides and barbiturates, to John Cade’s experiments with lithium and the beginning of the so-called “Psychopharmacological Revolution” in the 1950s. We also describe the clinical studies and development processes, enabling the therapeutic introduction of pharmacological agents currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder in its different phases and manifestations. Those drugs include lithium salts, valproic acid, carbamazepine, new antiepileptic drugs, basically lamotrigine and atypical antipsychotic agents (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine and lurasidone). Finally, the socio-sanitary implications derived from the clinical introduction of these drugs are also discussed.
Who conducted the first systematic study on the effectiveness of lithium in the USA?
First systematic study on the effectiveness of lithium in the USA (Wharton and Fieve)
What is the name of the drug that is used to cure sleep?
Application of morphine and scopolamine “sleep cures” (Klaesi)
Is chlorpromazine approved by the FDA?
Approval of chlorpromazine in the treatment of manic episodes (USA FDA)
Is valproic acid an antimanic drug?
Approval of valproic acid as an antimanic drug (USA FDA)
Antiquity
Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of medicinal plants dates back to the Paleolithic age, these traditions were shared and transmitted by shamans since approximately 60,000 years ago.
Modern
In the 1830s chemist Justus von Liebig begin the synthesis of organic molecules, stating that "The production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to living organisms." In 1832 produced chloral hydrate, the first synthetic sleeping drug. In 1833 French chemist Anselme Payen was the first to discover an enzyme, diastase.
21st century
21st century begins with the first complete sequences of individual human genomes by Human Genome Project, on 12 February 2001, this allowed a switch in drug development and research from the traditional way of drug discovery that was isolating molecules from plants or animals or create new molecules and see if they could be useful in treatment of illness in humans, to pharmacogenomics, that is the study and knowledge of how genes respond to drugs.
When did the FDA approve fen-phen?
In April 1996 , after a contentious debate, the FDA agreed to approve the drug, pending a one-year trial. Almost immediately, reports of grave side effects started pouring in. That July, the Mayo Clinic said that 24 women taking fen-phen had developed serious heart valve abnormalities.
Who invented the steam powered medical instrument?
In an effort to spare the doctors this work, one ingenious practitioner named Dr. Joseph Mortimer Granville created a steam-powered, “electromechanical medical instrument.”.
How many people did Weintraub study?
Weintraub conducted a single study with 121 patients over the course of four years. The patients, two-thirds of which were women, lost an average of 30 pounds with seemingly no side effects—but Weintraub’s study didn’t monitor the patients’ hearts.
How many cocaine addicts were there in 1902?
By 1902, there were an estimated 200,000 cocaine addicts in the U.S. alone. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotic Act outlawed the production, importation, and distribution of cocaine. 3.
How many people were using fen-phen?
Soon, some 6 million Americans were using it. In April 1996, after a contentious debate, the FDA agreed to approve the drug, pending a one-year trial.
When did fen phen get banned?
In April 1996, after a contentious debate, the FDA agreed to approve the drug, pending a one-year trial. Almost immediately, reports of grave side effects started pouring in. That July, the Mayo Clinic said that 24 women taking fen-phen had developed serious heart valve abnormalities. Hundreds of more cases were reported, and by September 1997 the FDA had officially pulled fen-phen. In 1999, the American Home Products Corporation (the producers of fen-phen) agreed to pay a $3.75 billion settlement to those injured by taking the drug. More than 50,000 liability lawsuits were filed in the years following its withdrawal from the market, and patients are still able to file injury claims.
When was cocaine first discovered?
Around the mid 1880s, scientists were able to isolate the active ingredient of the coca leaf, Erthroxlyn coca (later known as cocaine). Pharmaceutical companies loved this new, fast-acting and relatively-inexpensive stimulant.
When did herbal medicine start?
3300 BC – During the Stone Age, early doctors used very primitive forms of herbal medicine. 3000 BC – Ayurveda The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 4,000 BCE. c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine. 2500 BC – Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor ...
What was the name of the papyrus that was used as a medicine in ancient Greece?
1800 BC – Kahun Gynecological Papyrus. 1600 BC – Hearst papyrus, coprotherapy and magic. 1551 BC – Ebers Papyrus, coprotherapy and magic. 1500 BC – Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece. 1500 BC – Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic.
What did Julius Wagner-Jauregg discover?
1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane. 1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets. 1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes.
What is the name of the 280 BC dissection?
280 BC – Herophilus Dissection studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves and the brain. also the anatomy of the eye and medical terminology such as (in Latin translation "net like" becomes retiform /retina.
What is medicine practiced among them?
Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation ; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.
When were pills invented?
500 BC - Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient. 510–430 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence.
When was the first medical college in the world?
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College ), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia. 1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine.