What should be known before administering antimicrobial therapy to a patient?
- The sensitivity of the microorganism to various drugs. - The overall medical condition of the patient. - The nature of the microorganism causing the infection. What factors should be known before administering antimicrobial therapy to a patient? Choose all that apply - The sensitivity of the microorganism to various drugs.
When is a combination regimen indicated for the treatment of bacterial infections?
When infections are thought to be caused by more than one organism, a combination regimen may be preferred because it would extend the antimicrobial spectrum beyond that achieved by a single agent.
Which antimicrobial agents should be directed at the most likely pathogens?
Antimicrobial agents with a narrower spectrum should be directed at the most likely pathogens for the duration of therapy for infections such as community-acquired pneumonia or cellulitis in the ambulatory setting because specific microbiological tests are not typically performed.
How do you determine the efficacy of antimicrobial agents?
In addition to possessing in vitro antimicrobial activity and achieving adequate serum levels, the efficacy of antimicrobial agents depends on their capacity to achieve a concentration equal to or greater than the MIC at the site of infection and modification of activity at certain sites.
What are antimicrobial used for?
Antimicrobials – including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics – are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants.
What is the main goal of antimicrobial treatment?
The goal of antimicrobial therapy is, therefore, to eradicate bacteria at the site of infection. Bacterial eradication is not usually assessed as a primary endpoint within the limits of currently recommended clinical trial design.
When would you use an antimicrobial system?
Antimicrobials in disinfectants and sterilizers kill bacteria and viruses to help keep patient, operating, and emergency rooms free of germs. Beyond these critical uses, hospitals and doctors' offices also use antimicrobial products to regularly kill germs on floors, walls, and medical equipment.
What are the commonly used antimicrobials?
Among antibiotics cephalosporins were most commonly used, ceftriaxone (39.03%), cefotaxim (40.46%), cefoperazone and sulbactum (24.22%). Other antibiotics most commonly used were metronidazole (61.25%), amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate (26.78%), piperacillin and tazobactum (11.68%), meropenem (11.40%).
What is antimicrobial therapy examples?
Examples of antibiotics with excellent bioavailability are fluoroquinolones, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and metronidazole.
What are the 5 major targets of antimicrobial agents?
Five bacterial targets have been exploited in the development of antimicrobial drugs: cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and intermediary metabolism.
For which of the following reasons would antimicrobial susceptibility testing be performed?
Why do I need an antibiotic sensitivity test? You may need this test if you have an infection that has been shown to have antibiotic resistance or is otherwise hard to treat. These include tuberculosis, MRSA, and C. diff.
What is an antimicrobial process?
In layman terms, an antimicrobial coating is an application of a chemical agent on a surface that can stop the growth of disease-causing micro-organisms. Apart from increasing the surface's durability, appearance, corrosion resistance, etc., these coatings also protect from harmful disease-causing microbes.
Where are antimicrobial coatings used?
Antimicrobial coatings are typically applied to counters, walls, door handles, and other high-touch areas; HVAC vents and mechanicals; and many other surfaces. In some cases, they are sprayed onto textiles, masks, gloves, and carpeting.
Which of the following is an important characteristic of antimicrobial drugs?
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include: -readily delivered to the site of infection. -high toxicity against microbial cells. -do not cause serious side effects in humans.
Which of the following need to be considered when selecting an antimicrobial?
The WG agreed on the following basic criteria for the selection of antimicrobial agents: 1) the agent should be useful when screening various resistant bacteria, 2) the agent should serve as a useful guide for physicians and residents when selecting antimicrobial agents, and 3) the agent should be useful for ...
How do antimicrobials work against bacteria?
Antimicrobials work at a cellular level to continually disrupt and prevent the growth of microorganisms. By creating an inhospitable environment for microorganisms like bacteria, mold and mildew, antimicrobials protect everyday products like countertops, toys, surface coatings, textiles and hospital equipment.
What is the main goal of antimicrobial treatment?
Main goal of antimicrobial treatment. To administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host's cells. Identify the sources for most commonly used antimicrobials. Antibiotics are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi.
What are the major targets of antimicrobial agents?
List the five major targets of antimicrobial agents. 1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2) inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function 3) inhibition of protein synthesis 4) interference with cell membrane structure and function. 5) inhibition of folic acid synthesis.
How do microbes acquire antimicrobial resistance?
Discuss two possible ways that microbes acquire antimicrobial resistance. 1) spontaneous mutations in critical . chromosomal genes, 2) acquisition of entire new genes or sets of genes via horizontal transfer from another species. List five cellular or structural mechanisms that microbes use to resist antimicrobials.
What are the products of aerobic bacteria?
Antibiotics are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi. They are produced to inhibit the growth of competing microbes in the same habitat. Derived from bacteria in the genera Streptomyces and Bacillus, and from molds in the genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium.
What are the three major targets of action of antiviral drugs?
List the three major targets of action of antiviral drugs. 1) barring penetration of the virus into the host cell 2) blocking transcription and translation of viral molecules 3) preventing maturation of viral particles. Discuss two possible ways that microbes acquire antimicrobial resistance.
What are the side effects of antimicrobials?
Side effects of drugs: direct damage to tissues, allergic reactions, disruption of normal biota. Hemotoxic. a drug that adversely affects the blood-forming tissues. Hepatotoxic.
What is the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs?
Zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measuredand compared with a standard for each drug. Antibiogram provides data for drug selection. This method is less effective for anaerobic, fastidious, or slow-growing bacteria. Tube dilution test. More sensitive and quantitative than the Kirby-.
When is the antimicrobial procedure useful?
This procedure is useful when the organism burden is very high or in the management of abscesses, for which the penetration and activity of antimicrobial agents are often inadequate. Other therapies used in the treatment of infectious diseases involve modulating the host inflammatory response to infection.
What is antimicrobial therapy?
Antimicrobial agents are some of the most widely, and often injudiciously, used therapeutic drugs worldwide. Important considerations when prescribing antimicrobial therapy include obtaining an accurate diagnosis of infection; understanding the difference between empiric and definitive therapy; identifying opportunities to switch ...
Why are gram positive bacteria endemic?
They are commonly caused by drug-resistant organisms, both gram-positive (eg, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus[MRSA]) and gram-negative (eg, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, which are often endemic in hospitals because of the selection pressure from antimicrobial use.
When a patient does not benefit from antimicrobial therapy chosen on the basis of clinical presentation, are additional investigations needed
Similarly, when a patient does not benefit from antimicrobial therapy chosen on the basis of clinical presentation, additional investigations are needed to determine the etiologic agent or exclude noninfectious diagnoses.
What are some examples of adverse effects of metronidazole?
Examples include nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides, neurotoxicity of penicillins, and peripheral neuropathy with prolonged use of metronidazole ; these potential adverse effects need to be discussed with patients before initiation of therapy.
What is the difference between antibacterial and bactericidal?
A commonly used distinction among antibacterial agents is that of bactericidal vs bacteriostatic agents. Bactericidal drugs, which cause death and disruption of the bacterial cell, include drugs that primarily act on the cell wall (eg, β-lactams), cell membrane (eg, daptomycin), or bacterial DNA (eg, fluoroquinolones).
Why is combination therapy used for HIV?
This is why combination drug therapy is used as the standard for treatment of infections such as tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when treatment duration is likely to be prolonged, resistance can emerge relatively easily, and therapeutic agents are limited.
