What are the principles of ethical conduct in the executive branch?
The following Principles of Ethical Conduct apply to all employees of the executive branch and many form the basis for specific standards set forth in the regulations. Public service is a public trust, requiring employees to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws and ethical principles above private gain.
What is Article III of the Constitution about the judicial branch?
The Judicial Branch Article III of the Constitution of the United States guarantees that every person accused of wrongdoing has the right to a fair trial before a competent judge and a jury of...
What is another integral part of the executive branch?
Another integral part of the executive branch is the Executive Office of the President (EOP), which was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Headed up by the White House chief of staff, the EOP includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers,...
Is preferential treatment a form of discrimination?
Preferential treatment is sometimes viewed as reverse discrimination, since it rewards someone for being in the "correct" race, gender, economic status, religious affiliation or other category.
What does the elastic clause do?
a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
What power does the executive branch have over the courts?
The Executive branch has the ability to appoint Federal judges and issue pardons, which gives it influence over the actions of the Judicial branch.
Can the executive branch override court decisions?
The President in the executive branch can veto a law, but the legislative branch can override that veto with enough votes.
How does the executive branch control the judicial branch?
One way the President checks judicial power is through his ability to appoint federal judges. Since the President is the Chief Administrator, it's his job to appoint court of appeals judges, district court judges, and Supreme Court justices.
How does the executive branch check the judicial branch quizlet?
The Executive checks on Judicial by being able to appoint judges. The Judicial Branch checks on Executive by being able to declare Executive actions unconstitutional. The Judicial checks on Legislative by being able to declare laws unconstitutional.
How does the executive branch check the other branches?
How does the Executive Branch check the power of the other branches of government? The Executive Branch checks Congress's authority through the power to veto (strike down) legislation. When Congress presents the President with an approved bill to sign into law, the President can sign it, not sign it, or veto it.
How can the executive branch challenge the ruling of the court?
There are a few ways that the other two branches can challenge the Court: Future appointments - Presidents can change the ideological composition of the Supreme Court by appointing new justices who share their interpretations of the Constitution.
What is the writ of certiorari?
Writs of Certiorari The primary means to petition the court for review is to ask it to grant a writ of certiorari. This is a request that the Supreme Court order a lower court to send up the record of the case for review.
What can the President do if he disagrees with a judicial ruling?
The president can refuse to enforce Supreme Court decisions. If a group or individual has not been harmed by an action of the federal government, but they still disagree with it, how may they make use of the judicial system? They may file an amicus curiae brief when someone else brings the issue to court.
How does the Supreme Court act as a check against executive authority?
The Supreme Court and other federal courts (judicial branch) can declare laws or presidential actions unconstitutional, in a process known as judicial review. By passing amendments to the Constitution, Congress can effectively check the decisions of the Supreme Court.
How does the President limit the judicial powers of the courts?
The president and Congress have some control of the judiciary with their power to appoint and confirm appointments of judges and justices. Congress also may impeach judges (only seven have actually been removed from office), alter the organization of the federal court system, and amend the Constitution.
How can the executive branch check the power of the legislative branch?
As the head of the executive branch, the president can sign a bill into law, veto a bill, or do nothing, in which case the bill becomes law after ten days. In this sense, the executive branch checks the power of the legislative branch.
Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?
Article II of the Constitution specified that a president —who is in charge of the executive branch—should be elected to a term of four years. According to its terms, only natural-born citizens of the United States of at least 35 years of age, who have lived in the United States for at least 14 years, are eligible for the nation’s highest executive office.
What are the powers of the President?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch. Among the president’s most important responsibilities is signing legislation passed by both houses of Congress (the legislative branch) into law. The president can also veto a bill passed by Congress, though Congress can still make the bill into law by overriding that presidential veto ...
What are the powers of the President and Executive Branch?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch. Executive Orders. Sources. The executive branch is one of three primary parts of the U.S. government—alongside the legislative and the judicial branches—and is responsible for carrying out and executing the nation’s laws. The president of the United States is the chief of the executive branch, ...
What were the executive orders that were issued during the Civil War?
Some of the most notable executive orders issued over the years include Abraham Lincoln ’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War (1861) and his Emancipation Proclamation (1863); FDR’s New Deal, which created the Civil Works Administration and other federal programs (1933), but was followed by his internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II (1942); and Dwight D. Eisenhower ’s sending of federal troops to integrate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957).
What is the purpose of executive orders?
In an executive order, the president must identify whether the order is based on the U.S. Constitution or a law.
What branch is the President of the United States?
The president of the United States is the chief of the executive branch, which also includes the vice president and the rest of the president’s cabinet, 15 executive departments and numerous federal agencies, boards, commissions and committees.
What amendment limited the president to two terms?
In 1951, six years after FDR’s death during his fourth term, Congress ratified the 22nd Amendment , which limited presidents to two terms. This restriction serves as an additional check on the power of any one person over the nation’s government.
What was the Supreme Court ruling in Buckley v. Valeo?
In Buckley v. Valeo (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that the regulations on the contributions were valid, but regulations on spending were unconstitutional. What power did the Supreme Court apply in this case?
What is the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations?
The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations has been in place since 1816. It considers foreign-policy legislation and leads debates on foreign affairs in the Senate. What kind of committee is this an example of?
What is a civil suit?
a civil suit from a job candidate who feels an employer uses discriminatory hiring practices
How often does the Senate run for reelection?
only 1/3 of the Senate stands for reelection every two years
What happens if the president vetoes a bill that has passed both chambers of Congress?
If the president vetoes a a bill that has passed both chambers of Congress, then Congress may override the veto if what proportion of both chambers votes to do so?
When did the House of Representatives set a limit on how many members it could have?
In 1911 , the House of Representatives set a limit on how many members it could have. What is the limit (ignoring the three non-voting members that represent DC)?
When the House of Representatives voted on the Affordable Care Act of 2010, the House Rules Committee approved a rule that?
When the House of Representatives voted on the Affordable Care Act of 2010 the House Rules Committee approved a rule that the chamber could only consider the Senate's version of the bill and that no amendments could be proposed on this bill. What kind of rule is this?
How many Supreme Court Justices are there?
Even the number of Supreme Court Justices is left to Congress — at times there have been as few as six, while the current number (nine, with one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices) has only been in place since 1869.
How long can a justice stay in office?
Justices may remain in office until they resign, pass away, or are impeached and convicted by Congress. The Court’s caseload is almost entirely appellate in nature, and the Court’s decisions cannot be appealed to any authority, as it is the final judicial arbiter in the United States on matters of federal law.
What is the power of the federal courts?
Federal courts enjoy the sole power to interpret the law, determine the constitutionality of the law, and apply it to individual cases. The courts, like Congress, can compel the production of evidence and testimony through the use of a subpoena.
How are civil cases similar to criminal cases?
Civil cases are similar to criminal ones, but instead of arbitrating between the state and a person or organization, they deal with disputes between individuals or organizations. In civil cases, if a party believes that it has been wronged, it can file suit in civil court to attempt to have that wrong remedied through an order to cease and desist, alter behavior, or award monetary damages. After the suit is filed and evidence is gathered and presented by both sides, a trial proceeds as in a criminal case. If the parties involved waive their right to a jury trial, the case can be decided by a judge; otherwise, the case is decided and damages awarded by a jury.
How can a federal judge be removed?
Federal judges can only be removed through impeachment by the House of Representatives and conviction in the Senate. Judges and Justices serve no fixed term — they serve until their death, retirement, or conviction by the Senate.
What is the highest court in the United States?
The Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the land and the only part of the federal judiciary specifically required by the Constitution. The Constitution does not stipulate the number of Supreme Court Justices; the number is set instead by Congress.
What is the executive branch?
The Executive Branch. The Judicial Branch. Elections and Voting. State and Local Government. The Constitution. Where the executive and legislative branches are elected by the people, members of the Judicial Branch are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Article III of the Constitution, which establishes the Judicial Branch, ...
How does IGP work?
Traditional IGP metric-tuning works like this: When there is congestion on a link, the IGP metric of the link is gradually increased. At some point, this will cause some shortest paths that previously went through this link to change to other links. Consequently, the amount of traffic going through that link will be reduced. The network operator will keep increasing the IGP metric until the desired amount of traffic is rerouted.
What is a guard channel?
The basic idea of GC-based admission control strategies is to reserve resources in each cell a priori to deal with handoff requests. To provide user’s equipment with continuous connectivity, the system reserves backup channels referred to as guard channels to offer preferential treatment to priority calls and handoff calls. In such a system, call requests with lower priority are rejected if the number of available resources is less than a certain threshold. GC strategies differ in the number of guard channels to be chosen by a base station. They are called fixed guard channel and dynamic guard channel, as developed in [5], respectively. The fixed guard channel schemes reserve a fixed number of channels for handoff calls [4]. In this scheme, only one traffic class was considered. The advantage of this scheme lies in the simplicity of deployment, because there is no need to exchange control information between the base stations. However, with a small portion of handoff calls, GC schemes result not only in increased blocking probability of new calls, but also in inefficient resource utilization, because only a few handoff calls are able to use the reserved channels exclusively. On the other hand, with a large number of handoff calls, it is difficult to guarantee the service requirements of the handoff call. All these schemes proposed above are static because such GC schemes cannot adapt to quick variation of the traffic pattern. Dynamic GC schemes, reported in [6], improve the system efficiency while providing the QoS guarantees to priority calls. These schemes adaptively reserve the actual resources needed for priority calls and, therefore, accept more lower-priority calls compared to the fixed scheme. In [4], a distributed adaptive guard channel reservation scheme is proposed to give priority to handoff calls. This scheme is built upon the concept of guard channels and it uses an adaptive algorithm to search automatically the optimal number of guard channels to be reserved at each base station.
What is packetized voice?
Packetized voice is indistinguishable from any other packet data at Layers 2 and 3, and thus is subject to the same networking and security risks that plague data-only networks. The general idea that motivates the logical separation of data from voice is the expectation that network events such as broadcast storms and congestion, and security-related phenomena such as worms and DoS attacks, that affect one network will not impact the other. This is the principal consequence of compartmentalization.
How many customers does ISP1 serve?
To illustrate the importance of packet classification, let us consider a few examples of how it can be used by an ISP to provide different services. Consider the network shown in Figure 15.1. It shows an ISP (ISP1) serving three business customers, C1, C2, and C3, and another ISP (ISP 2) that in turn serves the business customer C4 and a residential customer C5. Some of the following services provided by ISP1 require support for packet classification:
Why is VoIP charged higher?
Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic is typically charged a higher price as compared to regular data traffic because of the delay and jitter guarantees required in delivering it . Such pricing models must distinguish one traffic type from the other as a basic primitive. Hence, in router R2, ISP1 needs to identify the VoIP traffic packets from C2 and collect packet and byte statistics so that customer C2 can be charged appropriately.
How does ISP2 manage customer expectations?
As the spare capacity shrinks, the customer might receive a bandwidth closer to the guaranteed minimum, which could lead to the perception that the quality of the network has degraded. Hence, the ISP may wish to cap the maximum rate at which a customer can receive packets through the network to manage the expectations. By defining a specific rule at router R6 that distinguishes the traffic of one customer from another, ISP2 can ensure that no more than 25 Mbps of web traffic is delivered to residential customer C5.
Why is converging voice and data important?
One of the principal advantages of converging voice and data is to save money and to simplify administration and management by running both types of traffic over the same physical infrastructure. With this in mind, it is ironic that most of the engineering effort expended during the VoIP architecture design phase focuses on logically separating this same voice and data traffic.