the preferential treatment which may be afforded by affirmative action

Affirmative action involves a range of governmental and private initiatives that offer preferential treatment to members of designated racial or ethnic minority groups (or to other groups thought to be disadvantaged), usually as a means of compensating them for the effects of past and present discrimination.

Full Answer

What is affirmative action and how does it work?

Sep 18, 2015 · This preview shows page 2 - 4 out of 4 pages. View full document. See Page 1. 58. The preferential treatment which may be afforded byaffmnative action a. only occurs in hard quota affirmative action. b. is not given to anyone other than minorities andwomen. c. is based on the principle of compensatory justice.

Why is affirmative action bad for non-preferred groups?

1 Defining the Concept of Affirmative Action. Affirmative action involves a range of governmental and private initiatives that offer preferential treatment to members of designated racial or ethnic minority groups (or to other groups thought to be disadvantaged), usually as a means of compensating them for the effects of past and present discrimination.

What does the charter say about affirmative action?

This treatment is a violation of social justice. Affirmative action programs aimed at helping women and minorities to rectify this injustice are seen as preferential treatment and reverse discrimination. Proponents argue that this preferential treatment is necessary in order to help correct the effects of past discrimination of minorities and women by eliminating inequalities.

What are some examples of affirmative action policies?

What are examples of affirmative action?

Outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs are examples of affirmative action in employment.

What is affirmative action as a concept?

Affirmative action in the United States is the active effort to improve employment, educational, and other opportunities for members of groups that have been subjected to discrimination. Criteria for affirmative action include race, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnic origin, and age.

Which is an argument in favor of affirmative action?

Another argument in favor of affirmative action is that racially diverse campuses and universities benefit all students. They are places where you learn to interact with and respect people who are different from you, skills that are essential to living and working in a diverse world.Dec 17, 2018

Why preferential treatment is important?

Therefore, preferential treatment is necessary, as it will bring economic success to groups who need them most. Even at times, the benefits of preferential treatment outweigh the costs. Preferential treatment is also needed for other practices, such as, vigorous recruitment, inducements, and improvements in welfare.

Who supports affirmative action?

Sixty-five percent now say they favor affirmative action programs for women, up from 60% in 2016. At the same time, 61% favor such programs for minorities, up from 54%.Feb 27, 2019

What is affirmative action in human resource management?

Affirmative Action is a program of positive action, undertaken with conviction and effort to overcome the present effects of past practices, policies, or barriers to equal employment opportunity and to achieve the full and fair participation of women, minorities and individuals with disabilities found to be ...

What is the main argument against affirmative action?

Opponents of affirmative action contend that it is reverse discrimination and that it is simply wrong for the government ever to use race in conferring benefits such as government contracts, jobs, or admissions to schools. Both advocates and foes of affirmative action cloak their posi- tions in noble rhetoric.

Which Supreme Court decision upheld affirmative action?

Grutter v. BollingerBollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), was a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action in student admissions.

Which is an argument in favor of affirmative action quizlet?

One argument in favor of affirmative action is: It levels the playing field to correct past discriminatory hiring practices.

What is preferential treatment in the workplace?

What Is Favoritism? Favoritism in the workplace is when a person (usually a manager) demonstrates preferential treatment to one person over all of the other employees for reasons unrelated to performance.May 19, 2020

What is preferential treatment in trade?

A preferential trade area (also preferential trade agreement, PTA) is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries. This is done by reducing tariffs but not by abolishing them completely.

How do you use preferential treatment?

Preferential treatment. Preferential treatment means entry, or withdrawal from warehouse for consumption, in the customs territory of the United States free of duty and free of any quantitative restrictions, limitations, or consultation levels as provided in 19 U.S.C. 2703(2).

What is affirmative action?

Affirmative action involves a range of governmental and private initiatives that offer preferential treatment to members of designated racial or ethnic minority groups (or to other groups thought to be disadvantaged), usually as a means of compensating them for the effects of past and present discrimination. Justification for affirmative action programs typically rests on a compensatory rationale, i.e., members of groups previously disadvantaged are now to receive the just compensation which is their due in order to make it easier for them to get along in the world. However, other useful definitions and characterizations of affirmative action de-emphasize the retrospective, compensatory, and ameliorative nature of such programs and focus instead on the current value of such programs in enhancing diversity, particularly in educational institutions and in the workforce.

Why is denial of service an attack vector?

Denial of service as an attack vector is quite interesting because every machine ever made and most likely every machine that will ever be made is vulnerable to a denial of service in some form, and some systems are just more difficult than others to “DoS”. This is because every machine has a finite set of resources that it can use to process data, by giving a machine more data than it can possibly process and in some way sustaining that you are causing a denial of service as the machine is paralyzed performing an impossible task and struggling to keep up with its other intended functions. If it helps, think of an old computer. Now think of installing a modern, resource-intensive application on that machine and trying to run it. Do you notice now how that computer is seemingly in limbo for 15—20 minutes as it tries to run that application? We are now effectively “DoS-ing” that old computer by giving it way too much to process. If after the computer catches up and becomes responsive again, we launch another such application, and another, and then another, we can keep that machine unusable for a very long time. If we keep on doing this, vital services may start to crash and the machine might become unstable and unusable until we reboot it. Whereas most of the “classic” DoS techniques that we will be discussing in this section are the result of programmatic mistakes from software vendor implementation of the IP, and other software, resource exhaustion and service termination are still the common thread for most DoS attacks.

Why is fragmentation important in IP?

Fragmentation, as illustrated in the previous section, is a necessary mechanism of IP; however, overlapping fragments can also offer an attacker a means of slipping packets past an intrusion detection system and firewall. This is due to the way that different systems reassemble packets or handle them when one or more of the same fragments arrive. To better expand on the concept, consider the fact that Windows-based systems give preferential treatment to original fragments, whereas Cisco devices favor the last fragments.

What is a guard channel?

The basic idea of GC-based admission control strategies is to reserve resources in each cell a priori to deal with handoff requests. To provide user’s equipment with continuous connectivity, the system reserves backup channels referred to as guard channels to offer preferential treatment to priority calls and handoff calls. In such a system, call requests with lower priority are rejected if the number of available resources is less than a certain threshold. GC strategies differ in the number of guard channels to be chosen by a base station. They are called fixed guard channel and dynamic guard channel, as developed in [5], respectively. The fixed guard channel schemes reserve a fixed number of channels for handoff calls [4]. In this scheme, only one traffic class was considered. The advantage of this scheme lies in the simplicity of deployment, because there is no need to exchange control information between the base stations. However, with a small portion of handoff calls, GC schemes result not only in increased blocking probability of new calls, but also in inefficient resource utilization, because only a few handoff calls are able to use the reserved channels exclusively. On the other hand, with a large number of handoff calls, it is difficult to guarantee the service requirements of the handoff call. All these schemes proposed above are static because such GC schemes cannot adapt to quick variation of the traffic pattern. Dynamic GC schemes, reported in [6], improve the system efficiency while providing the QoS guarantees to priority calls. These schemes adaptively reserve the actual resources needed for priority calls and, therefore, accept more lower-priority calls compared to the fixed scheme. In [4], a distributed adaptive guard channel reservation scheme is proposed to give priority to handoff calls. This scheme is built upon the concept of guard channels and it uses an adaptive algorithm to search automatically the optimal number of guard channels to be reserved at each base station.

What is a land attack?

The Land attack utilized a weakness in the TCP/IP implementations of a lot of older machines. To execute the attack the attacker sends a TCP SYN packet (a connection initiation), giving the target host's address as both source and destination, and using the same port on the target host as both source and destination. Doing this would create an infinite loop on the vulnerable hosts, causing them to consume all their resources and resulting in a denial of service.

What is RFC3272?

This section is focused on intra-domain traffic engineering [RFC3272]. Inter-domain traffic engineering can introduce significant traffic distribution change in a network. That is more a routing policy issue and has already been covered in the “Plan Routing Policies” section previously.

What is ping of death?

The Ping of Death DoS attack deals with IP fragmentation . When a datagram is processed from a sending to a receiving device, it may be passed through many different physical networks. Each network may have its own frame formats and specific limits that determine the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted (per datagram). For example, Ethernet limits this amount to 1,500 bytes. That is Ethernet's maximum transmission unit (MTU). If the IP must send data that exceeds a specific network's MTU, fragmentation can occur. Therefore, fragmentation is simply the process of dividing a datagram into smaller fragments which are each sent separately. Each fragment becomes its own datagram and is sent independent of the other fragments. They can all go their own way and take unique, separate paths to the final destination. If even one fragment does not arrive, the receiving device must discard the remaining fragments when the fragmentation timer reaches zero. As IP is a connectionless service, it's dependent on higher-layer services to force a retransmission of the datagrams. IP is dependent upon several fields to know whether datagrams have been fragmented and how to properly reassemble them. These fields include:

Why do states have to take affirmative action?

The United Nations Human Rights Committee states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the Covenant.

What are the factors that affect affirmative action?

A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure.

Why is affirmative action illegal?

In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being " color blind ", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in reverse discrimination .

When was affirmative action introduced?

Affirmative action was introduced through the Employment Equality Act, 55 in 1998, 4 years after the end of apartheid. This act was passed to promote the constitutional right of equality and exercise true democracy. This idea was to eliminate unfair discrimination in employment, to ensure the implementation of employment equity to redress the effects of discrimination, to achieve a diverse workforce broadly representative of our people, to promote economic development and efficiency in the workforce and to give effects to the obligations of the Republic as a member of the International Labour Organisation.

What was the African National Congress's policy of affirmative action?

Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the African National Congress -led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity). As such, all employers were compelled by law to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks, Indians, and Coloureds ). A related, but distinct concept is Black Economic Empowerment.

Does Indonesia offer affirmative action?

Indonesia has offered affirmative action for native Papuans in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection. After the 2019 Papua protests, many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces. The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption. Prabowo Subianto, Indonesian defense minister, has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Education scholarship by Ministry of Education and Culture, called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border.

What is the Malaysian New Economic Policy?

The Malaysian New Economic Policy or NEP is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action. Malaysia provides affirmative action to those that are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population, Orang Asli, and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak, who together form a majority of the population.

Origins

• The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "Executive Order No. 10925", signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or n…

See more on en.wikipedia.org

Women

Quotas

National Approaches

International Organizations

Support

Criticism

Further Reading

External Links