What is statistic treatment?
Statistical treatment can be either descriptive statistics, which describes the relationship between variables in a population, or inferential statistics, which tests a hypothesis by making inferences from the collected data.
How do you determine whether a treatment has an effect?
The most reliable way to determine whether a treatment has an effect is to compare the outcome for the treatment group with the outcome for a control group, using a random mechanism to allocate individuals between the treatment group and control group. This is called a controlled randomized experiment .
Should We Be Careful with statistics?
We have to be careful though. Statistics do not lie as far as is used correctly and properly. At the same time we have the various statistical programs that facilitate our lives.
Why do statistics matter?
Statistics matter because researchers derive information from statistics which ultimately becomes intelligence and knowledge to be used in identifying, describing, explaining, modeling and predicting phenomenon. Cite 2 Recommendations 30th Jun, 2014 Marcel M. Lambrechts Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
What does the effectiveness of treatment depend on?
The effectiveness of the treatment will depend on the access he has to, for instance, the drug. He needs to be to able to obtain it (the drug) or other type of treatment (usually requiring cash), also the patient needs to comply with the treatment.
How can we assess the effectiveness of treatment?
The effectiveness of a particular therapeutic approach can be assessed in three ways: client testimonials, providers' perceptions, and empirical research.
What percentage of individuals with a substance use disorder do not receive treatment?
An estimated 17.7 million adults needed substance use treatment but did not receive specialty treatment, of whom only 4.5 percent (806,000) felt that they needed substance use treatment.
Is rehab more effective than jail?
Drug Rehab: An Effective Alternative Instead of incarcerating individuals with substance use disorders, sending them to a drug rehab program is a far more effective solution. Drug rehab programs exist for the sole purpose of helping people separate from drugs and alcohol.
What percentage of therapy is effective?
Based on this, it's been estimated that psychotherapy is effective for about 80 per cent of people (meanwhile, between five to 10 per cent of clients may suffer adverse effects).
Why is it important to evaluate treatment?
Comparing a treatment with nontreatment allows the determination not only of whether an intervention has any efficacy at all but also of whether it has adverse effects. This determination is often an important part of the treatment evaluation process.
What is the percentage of people with a substance use disorder who have a co occurring mental illness?
Of the 20.3 million adults with substance use disorders, 37.9% also had mental illnesses.
What percentage of drug users become addicted?
Even for drugs known for their dependence liability (such as heroin, cocaine and tobacco) the proportion of drug users who became dependent was in a range of 20–40% (Anthony et al., 1994; Hart, 2013).
Is everyone addicted to something?
Drug addicts and non-addicts may have more in common than ever thought, according to a researcher who found that to some degree, everyone's brain is “wired” to become addicted.
What rehab has the highest success rate?
Roughly 80 percent of patients report benefiting from improved quality of life and health after completing drug and alcohol rehab. Florida has the highest success rates of drug rehab compared to all other states.
Why is rehabilitation better than punishment?
Whereas imprisonment as punishment defines inmates as responsible for their past behavior, and whereas discipline within prison defines inmates as accountable for their current behavior, rehabilitation as a goal of the system defines inmates as not fully responsible for their future behavior.
Are rehabilitation programs effective?
Research shows that a rehabilitation program generally is effective at reducing recidivism if it possesses three key principles. First, the program should be “evidence based”—meaning it is modeled after a program shown to reduce recidivism and actually operates in the same manner as the proven program.
What is the problem of determining whether a treatment has an effect?
Treatment is meant generically: It could be a magnetic field, a metallic coating, welfare, decreasing the marginal income tax rate, a drug, a fertilizer, or an advertising campaign.
How to evaluate whether a treatment has an effect?
To evaluate whether a treatment has an effect, it is crucial to compare the outcome when treatment is applied (the outcome for the treatment group) with the outcome when treatment is withheld (the outcome for the control group ), in situations that are as alike as possible but for the treatment. This is called the method of comparison .
How many dowsers participated in the water test?
One of the 20 who showed said the environment had too much radiation, so he could not possibly work under the circumstances. Thus 19 dowsers participated in the water test.
Why is it important to use a placebo in an experiment?
This is important because the mere belief that one is being treated has an effect, called the placebo effect .
How to prevent confounding in treatment and control groups?
To prevent confounding, the treatment and control groups should be alike in every regard that can affect the outcome, except the treatment. Then, differences between the outcomes for the treatment group and for the control group can be ascribed to the effect of the treatment, rather than to other variables that differ for the two groups. As a practical matter, it can be hard to ensure that the two groups are alike: Often nature, history, or the individuals themselves divide the treatment group from the control group. Moreover, sets of subjects usually do not come in matched pairs, one to assign to treatment and one to control—although identical twins are very popular medical subjects!
What is the basic idea of comparing treatment?
The basic idea is to compare what happens with and without the treatment, to isolate the effect of the treatment. If only some of the individuals are treated, and the outcome for them is compared with the outcome for individuals who are not treated.
How to study the effect of time?
There are two common strategies to study the effect of time: compare individuals of different ages at a single moment in time, and follow individuals over time as they age. The first is called a cross-sectional comparison or a cross-sectional study ; the second is called a longitudinal comparison .
Defining Treatment Success
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines addiction as a “chronic, relapsing disorder.” Per this definition, someone who has an addiction is likely to return to drug use time and time again. That return to drug use is caused by brain cell damage, brought on by drug use.
How Marketing Officers Define Success
People designing an addiction treatment marketing program want to entice consumers to believe that their programs are more effective, more useful, and more valuable than other programs the family might be considering.
What We Know About Effective Programs
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) reports that treatment programs are typically made up of the following elements:
Finding the Right Program
It can be tempting to seek out people who emerged from a treatment program and ask them for information on the program’s efficacy. While one-on-one interviews can provide a great deal of information on what it’s like for one person to be in a program, their value can be limited.
Making a Choice
Far too many people who have an addiction do not get care for that issue. In fact, according to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, only 1 person in 10 who needs care gets it. Families seeking care for someone in need are engaging in a task that could save a life. It’s vital work.
Why do people with slow growing tumors feel the need to act?
This is because the word “cancer” makes the diagnosis feel urgent, and it is hard to feel like one is "doing nothing.".
Can prostate cancer cause shortening of life?
In addition, we know that some cancers, such as prostate cancer, may not cause a person any serious harm or even shorten their lives if they are left untreated. The researchers in this study presented an imaginary scenario to volunteers using a web-based survey.
Can cancer be treated?
The researchers found that using the "cancer" label led many people to choose surgery. This tells us that the perceptions and fears associated with a cancer diagnosis may lead reasonable people to opt for more treatment, even if they are reassu red that it is possible to watch and wait and that they may never need treatment.
What are the areas of statistical analysis?
Areas that use modern statistical methods include astronomy, physics, genetics, education, engineering, manufacturing and management, government, research labs, public health, sport and even the military . "The best thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in everyone else's backyard.".
What is the meaning of statistics?
The roots of the Oxford English Dictionary (The Oxford English etymology dictionary) statistics are defined as follows: The word has many meanings and is hit by a mass noun, refers to a set of numerical data, such as unemployment, accidents, insured, revenues, expenses and so on.
What is the science of collecting, analyzing, and making inference from data?
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing and making inference from data. Statistics is a particularly useful branch of mathematics that is not only studied theoretically by advanced mathematicians but one that is used by researchers in many fields to organize, analyze, and summarize data.
Who said statistics has a middle ground?
Jamia Millia Islamia. But, Issam, Mitchell is very right when he says, "Statistics has sort of a middle ground...you don't know for sure, but you can constrain the possibilities.". In fact in the absence of hard data, or system that are not linear are easily amenable to mathematics, comes statistics to rescue.
Does indeterminism imply probability?
Indeterminism doesn't imply probability (or statistics) in an automatic way. Specifically, we have a nice quantum description of a single electron (or atom). There is no place for statistics here, but it makes sense to talk about probabilities to find the said electron here or there, in given time interval.
How many people died from MAT in 2021?
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) Statistics and Efficacy. March 1, 2021. Due to increased stress caused by the coronavirus pandemic, more than 81,000 people experienced fatal overdoses between May of 2019 and May 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. With such high overdose death rates, ...
What is MAT treatment?
MAT treatment is when certain medications are used to help people combat substance use disorders, and it is most often employed alongside behavioral health strategies like group therapy and nutrition counseling.
What is MAT medication?
With MAT, an individual will receive medication to help ease withdrawal symptoms or to help them avoid using addictive substances in the future. For example, someone detoxing from heroin might take an opioid use disorder medication like Suboxone to help avoid heroin withdrawal symptoms.
How long does MAT last?
Sometimes, MAT continues for as little as seven days, and it can be used to minimize withdrawal symptoms during the detox process. In other cases, individuals may choose to continue MAT treatment for months to help their bodies slowly and gradually wean off of addictive substances. And according to the latest medication-assisted treatment ...
How effective is MAT?
When combined with behavioral health treatments, MAT is one of the most effective ways to quit opioids. Because MAT makes it easier to quit harmful drugs, it actually greatly lowers risk of overdose. One study examined 17,500 people with opioid use disorders from 2012 to 2014, and it showed what a drastic difference MAT treatment can make. ...
What are the most common MAT drugs?
When quitting opioids, some of the most common MAT drugs are buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone. Depending on the situation, these medications can be used for a few days, a few months, or a lifetime.
Is MAT a behavioral health program?
These medication-assisted treatment statistics indicate that, when administered as part of a behavioral health program, MAT can make a powerful difference in addiction recovery. However, there are still individuals who doubt the efficacy of MAT treatment.
Summary
Introduction to Statistical Treatment in Research
- Every research student, regardless of whether they are a biologist, computer scientist or psychologist, must have a basic understanding of statistical treatment if their study is to be reliable. This is because designing experiments and collecting data are only a small part of conducting research. The other components, which are often not so well understood by new res…
What Is Statistical Treatment of Data?
- Statistical treatment of data is when you apply some form of statistical method to a data set to transform it from a group of meaningless numbers into meaningful output. Statistical treatment of data involves the use of statistical methods such as: 1. mean, 2. mode, 3. median, 4. regression, 5. conditional probability, 6. sampling, 7. standard deviation and 8. distribution range…
Statistical Treatment Example – Quantitative Research
- For a statistical treatment of data example, consider a medical study that is investigating the effect of a drug on the human population. As the drug can affect different people in different ways based on parameters such as gender, age and race, the researchers would want to group the data into different subgroups based on these parameters to determine how each one affects the effe…
Type of Errors
- A fundamental part of statistical treatment is using statistical methods to identify possible outliers and errors. No matter how careful we are, all experiments are subject to inaccuracies resulting from two types of errors: systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors are errors associated with either the equipment being used to collect the data or with the method in …
The Method of Comparison
Confounding
- Even with the method of comparison, differences between the control group and the treatment group other than the treatment can be responsible for observed differences in outcome between the two groups. This is called confounding. Confounding can hide a real effect, or can produce the spurious appearance of a treatment effect when the real cause is a difference between the treat…
Historical Controls
- Sometimes a treatment group is compared to individuals from some other epoch who did not receive the treatment. For example, one might compare the clinical outcomes of patients who undergo a new surgical procedure to treat a diagnosed condition with the clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with that condition before the surgical procedure was available. However, wi…
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Comparisons
- Time is often considered to be a treatment, for example, in studying the effect of aging. There are two common strategies to study the effect of time: compare individuals of different ages at a single moment in time, and follow individuals over time as they age. The first is called a cross-sectional comparison or a cross-sectional study; the second...
Simpson's Paradox
- A classic example of confounding is Simpson's Paradox: what is true for the parts is not necessarily true for the whole. Freedman et al. (1997) give an example of prima faciegender bias in graduate admissions to the University of California at Berkeley (UCB). In 1973, 8,442 men and 4,321 women applied to graduate programs at UCB. About 44% of the men and 35% of the wom…
Experiments and Observational Studies
- To prevent confounding, the treatment and control groups should be alike in every regard that can affect the outcome, except the treatment. Then, differences between the outcomes for the treatment group and for the control group can be ascribed to the effect of the treatment, rather than to other variables that differ for the two groups. As a practical matter, it can be hard to ens…
The Placebo Effect
- Especially when dealing with human subjects, the mere belief that one is receiving treatment can affect the outcome. (For example, it is well known that taking a sugar pill—a placebo with no pharmacological benefit— with the belief that it is a pain reliever actually reduces subjective pain. This is called the placebo effect.) For this reason, experiments often involve giving a placebo to …
John Snow's Study of The Mode of Communication of Cholera: A Natural Experiment
- That is, nature essentially performed a controlled randomized experiment, in which the control and treatment groups differed in their water supply, but not in other factors that might have affected the outcome. The assignment to treatment and control was not exactly random, but was effectively random, depending on accidents of history. This is called a natural experiment. More…
Summary
- Determining whether a treatment has an effect is an ubiquitous problem in science. The best way to determine whether a treatment has an effect is to use the method of comparison: to compare the outcome for subjects who are treated (the treatment group) with the outcome for the control subjects who are not treated (the control group). For such a comparison to isolate the effect of t…
Key Terms
- alternative hypothesis
- bias
- binomial distribution
- blind experiment