Which represents a difficult environment to control harmful microbial growth?
Contaminated hospital equipment represents a difficult environment to control harmful microbial growth. Regarding influences that affect disinfection of hospital equipment, which of the following is an accurate statement?
How can employers measure environmental heat impact on body temperature?
Employers should also be aware of whether workers' clothing increases risk. Use an on-site wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) meter - the most accurate way (Morris 2018) to measure environmental heat impact on body temperature. WBGT incorporates temperature, humidity, sunlight, and air movement into a single measurement.
What is heat acclimatization and why is it important?
Most outdoor fatalities, 50% to 70%, occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments because the body needs to build a tolerance to the heat gradually over time. The process of building tolerance is called heat acclimatization. Lack of acclimatization represents a major risk factor for fatal outcomes.
What is the biological importance of isomers?
Isomers have biological importance because their structural differences impact their function. For example, one isomer of the drug known as Ibuprofen is an effective anti-inflammatory, whereas the mirror image of the molecule is ineffective. ... How does a dehydration reaction differ from a hydrolysis reaction?
Which of the following is most resistant to chemicals and heat?
Bacterial spores are one of the most resistant life forms known to date, being extremely tolerant against various stresses such as heat, chemicals, and harsh physical conditions. One of the signature properties of spores is heat resistance.
How can you control microorganisms using heat?
Moist heat is generally more effective than dry heat for killing microorganisms because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. Moist heat kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins (causes proteins and enzymes to lose their three-dimensional functional shape).
Which method of microbial control is used in the preservation of jerky?
DryingDrying, also known as desiccation or dehydration, is a method that has been used for millennia to preserve foods such as raisins, prunes, and jerky. It works because all cells, including microbes, require water for their metabolism and survival.
Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat labile solutions?
Membrane filtration is the best technique. Membrane membrane filtration is the best technique to sterilize the heated by solutions as we know that these solutions can be destructed in the presence of heat.
What are the factors that influence the action of chemical agents on bacteria?
Modes of action for disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizersThe concentration of the chemical agent.The temperature at which the agent is being used. ... The kinds of microorganisms present. ... The number of microorganisms present. ... The nature of the material bearing the microorganisms.
Which of the following is the process of killing pathogens and other microorganisms by using heat or chemicals?
Thermal or chemical destruction of pathogenic and other types of microorganisms.
What substance is used to control microorganisms on nonliving surfaces?
Antiseptics and disinfectants are both widely used to control infections. They kill microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi using chemicals called biocides. Disinfectants are used to kill germs on nonliving surfaces. Antiseptics kill microorganisms on your skin.
What factors must be considered in order to adequately sterilize using heat?
What factors must be considered in order to adequately sterilize using heat? Steam under pressure. An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of __ to sterilize materials....A bactericide __ bacteria.Presence of water.Temperature.Length of exposure.
Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic process of foodborne microbes?
Drying is one of the most ancient food preservation techniques, which reduces water activity sufficiently to prevent bacterial growth. Refrigeration preserves food by slowing down the growth and reproduction of microorganisms and the action of enzymes which cause food to rot.
Which of the following methods is best to sterilize heat labile heat sensitive solutions?
Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions? are typically sterilized by filtration. Answer: A The cells in a population die at a constant rate.
Which of the following method is used for sterilization of heat labile substances?
The most common methods that have been routinely used to sterilize glassware and metal material are dry heat (160-180ºC) and water steam in autoclave at 121-134ºC. Gaseous sterilization is used for sterilizing thermo-labile substances like plastic Petri dishes.
Which of the following material is sterilized by use of red heat?
41. Which of the following material is sterilized by use of red heat? A....Exercise :: Physical and Chemical Agents - Section 1.A.FormaldehydeB.Ethylene oxideC.Both (a) and (b)D.None of these
What are some examples of food preservation?
Sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite are added to many meat products, such as ham, bacon, hot dogs, and sausage. These additives help to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum by inhibiting certain iron-containing enzymes of the organism. This is an example of chemical food preservation.
What are surface active agents?
Surface-active agents, or surfactants, decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid . Phenolics exert antimicrobial activity by injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes, which causes the cellular components to leak out of the cell. Alcohols exert their action by denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids.
How to reduce heat illness?
Consume adequate fluids (water and sport drinks) work shorter shifts, take frequent breaks, and. quickly identify any heat illness symptoms. Engineering controls such as air conditioning, with cooled air, and increased air flow, leading to increased evaporative cooling, can make the workplace safer.
What is environmental heat illness?
On the other hand, "environmental heat illness," is attributed primarily to ambient conditions, including heat and relative humidity, and is related to heat waves and death in the elderly, urban heat islands, and hot motor vehicles (Bouchama 2002). More ».
Why do most outdoor fatalities occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments?
Most outdoor fatalities, 50% to 70%, occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments because the body needs to build a tolerance to the heat gradually over time. The process of building tolerance is called heat acclimatization. Lack of acclimatization represents a major risk factor for fatal outcomes.
What is the most severe heat related illness?
Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness. Workers suffering from heat stroke experience mental dysfunction such as unconsciousness, confusion, disorientation, or slurred speech. Cool these workers immediately and call 911!
How does heat dissipate?
Heat dissipation happens naturally through sweating and increased blood flow to the skin.
Which states have laws on heat?
Washington, Minnesota, and California have specific laws governing occupational heat exposure. Federal OSHA has a General Duty Clause (Section 5 [a] [1] of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970) that requires employers to provide a place of employment that is “free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.” The OSHA Technical Manual Chapter on Heat Stress establishes that OSHA uses WBGT to determine if a heat hazard was present.
Is heat related illness preventable?
Heat-related illness is preventable, especially with management commitment to providing the most effective controls. An effective heat-related illness prevention program is incorporated in a broader safety and health program and aligns with OSHA's Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs core elements.
What are the conditions that limit the ability to regulate temperature?
Other conditions that can limit the ability to regulate temperature include old age, youth (age 0-4), obesity, fever, dehydration, heart disease, mental illness, poor circulation, sunburn, and prescription drug use and alcohol use.
What are the factors that affect the body's ability to cool itself?
Other conditions that can limit the ability to regulate temperature include old age, youth (age 0-4), obesity, fever, dehydration, heart disease, ...
How to cool off from heat?
Taking a cool shower or bath or moving to an air-conditioned place is a much better way to cool off. Air conditioning is the strongest protective factor against heat-related illness. Exposure to air conditioning for even a few hours a day will reduce the risk for heat-related illness.
What is heat exhaustion?
Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after several days of exposure to high temperatures and inadequate or unbalanced replacement of fluids. Those most prone to heat exhaustion are elderly people, those with high blood pressure, and those working or exercising in a hot environment.
Who is at greatest risk for heat related illness?
Those at greatest risk for heat-related illness include infants and children up to four years of age, people 65 years of age and older, people who are overweight, and people who are ill or on certain medications.
How to keep your head cool in the sun?
In the hot sun, a wide-brimmed hat will provide shade and keep the head cool. If you must go outdoors, be sure to apply sunscreen 30 minutes prior to going out and continue to reapply according to the package directions. Sunburn affects your body’s ability to cool itself and causes a loss of body fluids.
What are the parts of the cell that are affected by heavy metals?
In biological systems, heavy metals have been reported to affect cellular organelles and components such as cell membrane, mitochondrial, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, and some enzymes involved in metabolism, detoxification, and damage repair [21].
What is chromium used for?
Chromium is widely used in numerous industrial processes and as a result, is a contaminant of many environmental systems [134]. Commercially chromium compounds are used in industrial welding, chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning and wood preservation.
What is arsenic used for?
Arsenic compounds have also been used in the medical field for at least a century in the treatment of syphilis, yaws, amoebic dysentery, and trypanosomaiasis [34,35].
Where is chromium found?
Chromium. Environmental Occurrence, Industrial Production and Use. Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element present in the earth’s crust, with oxidation states (or valence states) ranging from chromium (II) to chromium (VI) [129].
Which metals are considered systemic toxicants?
Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure.
Is arsenic trioxide methylated?
Arsenic trioxide is methylated to two major metabolites via a non-enzymatic process to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), which is further methylated enzymatically to dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA) before excretion in the urine [40, 47].