What is highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV?
A 37-year-old male with HIV who has recently become symptomatic has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Among the numerous medications that he now regularly takes are several that inhibit the change of HIV RNA to DNA in a CD4+ cell. Which class of medications addresses this component of the HIV replication cycle?
What is HIV treatment?
What is HIV treatment? HIV treatment involves taking medicine that reduces the amount of HIV in your body. HIV medicine is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is no effective cure for HIV.
Why is it important to take HIV medication consistently?
Taking HIV medication consistently, as prescribed, helps prevent drug resistance. Drug resistance develops when people with HIV are inconsistent with taking their HIV medication as prescribed. The virus can change (mutate) and will no longer respond to certain HIV medication.
Which medications should be avoided in patients with viral resistance to HIV?
Patients at high risk of inconsistent medication use, or patients who have failed initial therapy, are at risk of viral resistance. These patients should avoid medications with a low barrier to resistance, such as NNRTIs, raltegravir, and elvitegravir. [48][49]
What is the most common opportunistic infection in people with HIV/AIDS?
In the United States, the most common opportunistic infection in people with HIV/AIDS infections is respiratory infection. When the CD4+ level drops below 200 cells/μL, it is time to start prophylaxis. What is the drug of choice for prophylaxis?
Why is HIV/AIDS complicated?
The treatment of HIV/AIDS is complicated because different drugs act on different stages of the replication cycle of the virus. Therefore, treatment includes combinations of two, three, or more drugs. What is this treatment called?
When to administer zidovudine to newborn?
1. Administration of zidovudine to the newborn immediately after delivery
What is the best treatment for viral replication?
Because different drugs act on various stages of the replication cycle, optimal treatment includes a combination of drugs, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion/entry inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors, and multidrug combination products. Each type of agent attempts to interrupt viral replication at a different point.
What is the CD4+ cell count for AIDS?
For a diagnosis of AIDS, the CD4+ cell count falls below 200 cells/μL. The other readings would not justify a finding of AIDS but can be found in HIV infection.
What is the ability of the immune system to differentiate itself from non-self?
The capacity of the immune system to differentiate self from non-self is called self-tolerance. The development of self-tolerance relies on two coordinated processes: central and peripheral.
Which is the first line of treatment?
Corticosteroids is always the first line of treatment.
Can IgA be used in IV?
Anaphylaxis to IgA in the IV Ig has been reported in people with CVID who are deficient in IgA. IgA-depleted IVIg is available, and its use has greatly reduced this risk.
Is further testing required for HIV?
a) no further testing is required since this confirms HIV infection.
Does HIV carry DNA?
Like other retroviruses, HIV carries its genetic information in ribonucleic acid (RNA) rather than deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In the process of taking over the CD4+ T cell, the virus attaches to receptors on the CD4+ cell, fuses to and enters the cell, incorporates its RNA into the cell's DNA, and then uses the CD4+ cell's DNA to reproduce large amounts of HIV, which are released into the blood.
What are the goals of treatment when prescribing antiretroviral medication to patients with HIV?
Terms in this set (14) The goals of treatment when prescribing antiretroviral medication to patients with HIV include: 1. Prevent vertical HIV transmission. 2. Improve quality of life. 3.
What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients?
The goal of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients is: 1. Maximum suppression of HIV replication. 2. Eradication of HIV virus from the body. 3. Determining a treatment regimen that is free of adverse effects. 4.
What are the predictors of successful treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive patients?
Predictors for successful treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive patients include: 1. They respond to a low-potency treatment regimen. 2.
What are the goals of antiretroviral treatment?
The goals of treatment when prescribing antiretroviral medication to patients with HIV include: 1. Prevent vertical HIV transmission. 2. Improve quality of life. 3. Prolong survival. 4. All of the above.
How many classes of antiretroviral drugs are there?
Combination therapy incorporating the five classes of antiretroviral drugs
Which T cell releases HIV copies into the bloodstream?
the CD4+ T cell and the release of HIV copies into the bloodstream.
What chapter is Immune Response?
Start studying Chapter 12: Disorders of the Immune Response. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
What is autoimmune disease?
Autoimmune diseases represent a disruption in self-tolerance that results in damage to body tissues by the immune system.
What is the sequence of the progression of HIV/AIDS?
Place the following in the sequence of the progression of HIV/AIDS on a cellular level. 1)The HIV virus is uncoded. 2) HIV attaches to the receptors on the CD4+ cell. 3)DNA synthesis occurs by reverse transcription. 4)Transcription of the DNA to form a single-strand messenger RNA. 2134.
What is the name of the disease where the body identifies neutrophils as enemies and makes antibody to destroy them?
a form of neutropenia which is most common in infants and young children where the body identifies the neutrophils as enemies and makes antibody to destroy them. Lymphopenia is abnormally low levels of lymphocytes (a kind of WBC).
How is AIDS transmitted?
AIDS is transmitted from the mother to her unborn baby.
What is the function of IgD?
In B cells, the function of IgD is to signal the B cells to be activated. By being activated, B cells are ready to take part in the defense of the body as part of the immune system.
What is the primary endpoint of HIV?
primary transmission endpoint: virologically-linked transmission events - when/was HIV transmitted from one partner to another -->treat HIV with antiretrovirals regardless of CD4 counts
What is the role of the 3' OH group in reverse transcriptase?
compete w/ host nucleotides to serve as substrate for reverse transcriptase chain elongation; abence of 3' OH group on nucleoside sugar moiety prevents the addition of another nucleotide resulting in chain termination and cessation of viral replication
What is the function of fusion and CCR5 inhibitors?
fusion and CCR5 inhibitors - block binding to receptor; NRTI/NNRTI prevent synthesis of viral DNA via reverse transcriptase, integrate inhibitor prevent integration into host chromosomal DNA, protease inhibitors prevent assembly of virus and budding from the cell
How to inhibit reverse transcriptase?
inhibit reverse transcriptase by binding a hydrophobic pocket close to active site, locking it in an inactive confirmation
What is the same mechanism of action as NsRTI?
tenofovir, same mechanism of action of NsRTI, DNA chain terminator
Which glycoprotein prevents entry?
prevents entry by binding to the glycoprotein on the viral envelope: enfuviritide, binds to gp41 envelope glycoprotein
Why is it important to take HIV medication?
Taking HIV medication consistently, as prescribed, helps prevent drug resistance. Drug resistance develops when people with HIV are inconsistent with taking their HIV medication as prescribed. The virus can change (mutate) and will no longer respond to certain HIV medication. If you develop drug resistance, it will limit your options ...
How does treatment help prevent HIV?
Having an undetectable viral load may also help prevent transmission from injection drug use.
What does it mean when your HIV is suppressed?
Viral suppression is defined as having less than 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood. HIV medicine can make the viral load so low that a test can’t detect it (called an undetectable viral load ). If your viral load goes down after starting HIV treatment, that means treatment is working.
What is the amount of HIV in the blood called?
The amount of HIV in the blood is called viral load . Taking your HIV medicine as prescribed will help keep your viral load low and your CD4 cell count high. HIV medicine can make the viral load very low (called viral suppression ). Viral suppression is defined as having less than 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood.
What does it mean when your viral load goes down after HIV treatment?
If your viral load goes down after starting HIV treatment, that means treatment is working. Continue to take your medicine as prescribed.
How long does it take for a mother to give her baby HIV?
If a mother with HIV takes HIV medicine as prescribed throughout pregnancy, labor, and delivery and gives HIV medicine to her baby for 4 to 6 weeks after birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to her baby can be 1% or less.
How long does it take to get rid of HIV?
There is no effective cure for HIV. But with proper medical care, you can control HIV. Most people can get the virus under control within six months. Taking HIV medicine does not prevent transmission ...