How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV?
How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV? A) The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two. B) Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific
Why is it important to know the genome of HIV?
A) The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two. B) Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific
What is the conclusion of the study of comparative genomics?
The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has led to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that A. modern vertebrate species all evolved from very different ancestral species, so there is little similarity between their genomes.
What is the target of the HIV virus?
This receptor is in turn one of the main targets used by most strains of the HIV virus, to enter and infect cells. More than 20 years ago, a naturally occurring mutation was identified in people who had not contracted HIV, despite high-risk exposure to the virus.
How is comparative genomics used in the medical field?
The most significant application of comparative genomics in molecular medicine is the identification of drug targets of many infectious diseases. For example, comparative analyses of fungal genomes have led to the identification of many putative targets for novel antifungal.
What is the importance of comparative genomics?
It helps us to further understand what genes relate to various biological systems, which in turn may translate into innovative approaches for treating human disease and improving human health. Comparative genomics also provides a powerful tool for studying evolution.
What is comparative genomics quizlet?
STUDY. Comparative genomics. one of the most powerful means to advance the analysis of our or any other genome is the comparison of genome structure and sequence among related species.
Why is the study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics quizlet?
Why is the study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics? Each cell in an organism has exactly the same DNA but different cell types produce different types of proteins. RNAi sequences are designed to be complementary to the DNA of the gene of interest.
Can comparative genomics help scientists to understand human diseases quizlet?
Can comparative genomics help scientists to understand human diseases? Yes, because scientists often study related genes in model organisms.
What is comparative genomics and its applications?
Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared. The genomic features may include the DNA sequence, genes, gene order, regulatory sequences, and other genomic structural landmarks.
Which of the following are uses of comparative genomics?
Comparative genomics also provides a powerful tool for studying evolutionary changes among organisms, helping to identify genes that are conserved or common among species, as well as genes that give each organism its unique characteristics.
What is the proteome of a cell?
A proteome is the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism. The term can also be used to describe the assortment of proteins produced at a specific time in a particular cell or tissue type. The proteome is an expression of an organism's genome.
Is the DNA that is applied to microarrays single stranded or double stranded?
The fluorescently labeled complimentary DNA is loaded onto the microarray, where thousands of single-stranded DNA samples (corresponding to a single gene) are arranged as spots in a grid formation.
Why is the study of proteomics more complex than the study of genomics?
After genomics and transcriptomics, proteomics is considered the next step in the study of biological systems. It is much more complicated than genomics mostly because while an organism's genome is more or less constant, the proteome differs from cell to cell and from time to time.
What does the field of proteomics study?
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context. We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species (for example, Homo sapiens) or an organ (for example, the liver).
What are DNA ligases how do they participate in recombinant DNA technology?
DNA ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA. In DNA cloning, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.
Why a genomic approach?
HIV remains a serious threat to health. Antiretroviral therapies prevent the virus from replicating, but if treatment is interrupted then the virus quickly starts replicating again. Research to find a drug therapy that will provide a cure has met with little success.
HIV and the human genome
The baby girls born in China reportedly had modifications to the CCR5 gene. This gene codes for a receptor found on the surface of white blood cells. This receptor is in turn one of the main targets used by most strains of the HIV virus, to enter and infect cells.
Attacking the viral genome
Genome editing approaches have also been employed to attack directly the latent viral genome within host cells.
What is a GWAS in HIV?
Unlike association studies of candidate genes, GWAS scan the entire genome with hundreds of thousands (if not millions) of common human SNPs to discover genome regions that statistically associate with explicit AIDS endpoints in large cohort studies (Box 1 ). Fellay et al. [ 11] reported the first AIDS GWAS in 2007. Their study tracked the HIV set point (mean plasma viral RNA level over several months once the immune system has settled to a steady state level after initial spikes in virus upon HIV infection; see Box 1) in 486 European AIDS patients from the Euro-Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI) cohort that were genotyped with an Illumina 550,000 SNP array. Fellay et al. discovered three genome-wide significant (after Bonferroni correction for multiple SNP tests; <9.3 × 10 -8) SNPs nested within the HLA complex, including a proxy-SNP in linkage disequilibrium (LD) HLA-B*5701, a known protective influence on AIDS progression. Since then ten additional GWAS using different cohorts, and different AIDS stages (phenotypes), arrays and numbers of SNPs, have appeared [ 32 – 41 ]. The combined GWAS have consistently fingered HLA SNPs, but agreed on little else.
Why was the PARD3B study limited to a single endpoint?
The PARD3B study was intentionally limited to a single endpoint or phenotype (time of progression as defined by the AIDS 1987 Centers for Disease Control) to avoid statistical penalties for multiple tests. Yet many different gene association tests are possible with the rich clinical and genetic data we have collected across the years on these retrospective AIDS cohorts; indeed, many of these tests were performed and considered supportive in the previous candidate gene studies [ 7, 10] (Table 1 ). In spite of the aversion to multiple test statistical correction penalties, there is information than can be gleaned from detailed clinical data that should be explored. Hutcheson et al. [ 7] described useful heat plots that allow one to inspect the pattern of genetic association across many tests, as well as across small regions of the genome in strong LD. The combination of multiple non-independent statistical signals is a challenge to interpret, but in cases of known genes, such as CCR5-Δ32, HLA and IL10, the patterns are illuminating. The heat plots also provide a derivative approach to public data sharing of GWAS results without the problem of violating the informed consent and privacy constraints set out by Institutional Review Boards, which often restrict open access to human cohort data [ 46 ]. For example, posting an unabridged table of GWAS results online (odds ratios, P -values and confidence intervals), together with two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization heat plots, would allow researchers to freely inspect the results of a published GWAS [ 40 ], in any genomic region they may discover in a different cohort, for independent replication purposes - without viewing patients' confidential clinical or genotypic information.