How is flowering regulated by the photoperiod?
In photoperiodism flowering and other developmental processes are regulated in response to the photoperiod, or day length. Short-day plants flower when day length is below a certain threshold, while long-day plants flower when day length is above a certain threshold.
What is the photoperiodic response of short day plants?
This is particularly true of short-day plants, whose photoperiodic response is often tightly linked to the length of the night. Typical short-day plants share the following characteristics: They flower when the day is short and the night is long. They do not flower when the day is long and the night is short.
How do plants respond to changes in light?
Studies have shown that plant growth responses to changes in light conditions are a result of synchronous regulation of signal transduction systems by photoreceptors and metabolic regulation. Photoreceptors Have Major Roles in Plant Growth Regulation Modified by Phytohormones 73
What will happen to a short day plant if you interrupt the hours of darkness with short flashes of light?
If there is an interruption to the darkness, such as a brief period of light, the plant will not flower, even though the continuous period of light—day—is still short.
What is night break phenomenon?
A short exposure to light in the middle of the night inhibits or promotes plant growth and flowering. This phenomenon is called night break (NB), which has been used extensively as a tool to study photoperiodic control of growth and flowering.
How did interrupting the darkness affect short day plants?
Conversely, the long day plant only flowers when the period of uninterrupted darkness is less than the critical night length. Researchers soon also discovered that that interrupting the night with a flash of red light had the same effect as normal white light.
Why red light inhibit flowering in short day plants?
During critical dark period in short day plants, this form gradually changes into Pr form resulting in flowering. A brief exposure with red light will convert this form again into Pfr form thus inhibiting flowering.
How does photoperiod affect flowering?
Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds.
What happened to chrysanthemum plant of night length is longer than critical dark period?
Abstract. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a short-day plant, which flowers when the night length is longer than a critical minimum. Flowering is effectively inhibited when the required long-night phase is interrupted by a short period of exposure to red light (night break; NB).
What happens when long-day plants are exposed to short days?
No. Short-day plants flower when they are exposed to day length SHORTER than the critical maximum period. Long-day plants flower when they are exposed to day length LONGER than the critical minimum period. Short-day plants are also called as Long-night Plants.
Which of the following is important treatment in short day plant in order to flowering?
Thus, the correct answer is 'Interruption of dark by white or red light'.
How does day length affect plant growth?
How Day Length Affects Crop Production. Most plants do not grow when day length is less than 10 hours. Even if the temperature is kept within the optimum range — for example, in a climate-controlled greenhouse — most plants will just sit dormant until the magic 10 hours of light per day arrives.
Does far-red light inhibit flowering?
For some plants, far-red light promotes flowering. When the natural days are short, low-intensity (photoperiodic) lighting is often delivered to promote flowering of long-day plants. For some long-day plants, flowering is accelerated most when photoperiodic lighting includes both red and far-red radiation.
Does red light affect photosynthesis?
Red light is highly effective at regulating growth and development for plants. Red light helps to flower and fruit and prolong flowering. It can greatly enhance the photosynthesis of plants and promote the growth of plants. but if plants are grown under only red light.
How does phytochrome control flowering plants quizlet?
How does phytochrome control flowering in plants? Pr turns into Pfr in the light, causing long-day plants to flower.
Introduction
The seedling growth period is crucial for vegetable production. This period has important effects on plant growth and development, harvest time, total yield efficiency, and fruit numbers per plant. Seedling optimization can increase production yield and improve the quality of vegetable crops.
Materials and Methods
The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Jinpeng No.1 was used as experimental material. Tomato seeds were soaked in 50% bleach for 30 min, rinsed thoroughly in running water, and then placed directly on moistened filter paper and incubated at 25°C.
Results
To study the effect of NB treatments on tomato seedling stem elongation, we first determined the RL NB treatments that were most effective to inhibit stem elongation in tomato plants.
Discussion
Previous studies on stem elongation kinetics indicated that stem elongation was not constant during a 24 h day/night cycle, in many plant species, stem elongation rate was higher in dark conditions than in the light ( Bertram and Karlsen, 1994; Tutty et al., 1994 ).
Author Contributions
ZZ conceived and designed research; KC, LC, LY, XZ, and HZ conducted the experiments and write this manuscript, EB revised the language.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, by the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU, PR China, and by the Agriculture Research System in China (No. CARS-25-D-02).
How does light affect plant growth?
Light has two major roles in plant growth. The first is as an energy source for photosynthesis. The second is as a signal that, for example, controls plant growth or changes the timing of flowering and affects morphogenetic traits, such as plant height and shape. Plant growth and development are sometimes influenced by changes in the irradiated light spectrum and light quality [1]. For example, the shape of geranium leaves can be modified by light quality, as shown in a previous study [2]. Light signals are received by photoreceptors in plant cells [3]. Plant photomorphogenesis is mediated by the photoreceptors and signal transduction systems in plant cells of tissues such as the shoot tips and young leaves. The signals from photoreceptors can regulate the expression of genes concerned with cell division and enlargement, which can form various tissues such as floral buds and leaf primordia. Photoreceptor signals can, thus, induce floral bud formation and change plant shape. For example, shape of the petunia plant can be changed by differences in the ratio of red to far-red light [4], [5]. Moreover, increasing the percentage of far-red light can induce petiole elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana [6]. Light signals control floral induction genes via photoreceptor stimulation [3], [7], [8]. When light with a specific quality turns on the “gene switch” associated with floral bud initiation, early blooming is induced.
What are the secondary metabolites of plants?
The plant body contains various kinds of secondary metabolites. In those secondary metabolites, there are many chemical materials, such as vitamin C, polyphenol, and amino acids, which have functions related to human health care.
What is the term for the regulation of flowering and other developmental transitions by day/night length?
Phototropism, plant growth towards or away from light, and photoperiodism, regulation of flowering and other developmental transitions by day/night length.
What is the response of a plant to light?
Plants have a variety of developmental, physiological, and growth responses to light—sometimes only to particular wavelengths of light. In phototropism a plant bends or grows directionally in response to light. Shoots usually move towards the light; roots usually move away from it. In photoperiodism flowering and other developmental processes are ...
What happened to the coleoptile when he tried the experiment again?
When he tried the experiment again using an impermeable flake of mica instead of gelatin, the coleoptile lost the ability to bend in response to light.
Why does a coleoptile bend?
The bending is caused by cells closer to the light expanding less than the plant cells facing away from the light.
How do shoots move in photoperiod?
Shoots usually move towards the light; roots usually move away from it. In photoperiodism flowering and other developmental processes are regulated in response to the photoperiod, or day length. Short-day plants flower when day length is below a certain threshold, while long-day plants flower when day length is above a certain threshold.
What is the directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or in some cases away from, a source of?
Phototropism is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or in some cases away from, a source of light.
What is the process of light sensing in plants?
Light sensing in plants involves special molecules called photoreceptors, which are made up of a protein linked to a light-absorbing pigment called a chromophore. When the chromophore absorbs light, it causes a change in the shape of the protein, altering its activity and starting a signaling pathway.
What does tolerance mean in medicine?
a. tolerance to the effects of the drug.
What are the symptoms of inhalant use?
a. inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students. b. symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness, and euphoria. c. long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain.
Introduction
Materials and Methods
- Plant Materials and Treatments
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Jinpeng No.1 was used as experimental material. Tomato seeds were soaked in 50% bleach for 30 min, rinsed thoroughly in running water, and then placed directly on moistened filter paper and incubated at 25°C. After germination, seeds were s… - Measurement of Plant Growth and Development during the NB treatment Period
Plant height and stem diameter were measured weekly for 10 plants during the NB treatment period. Plant height was measured using a ruler with 0.01 cm accuracy; stem diameter was measured at the first internode using a digital caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy (Digimatic Caliper, …
Results
- Effects of RL NB Treatments on Tomato Vegetative Growth
To study the effect of NB treatments on tomato seedling stem elongation, we first determined the RL NB treatments that were most effective to inhibit stem elongation in tomato plants. When the first leaf expanded, The RL NB treatments were applied to tomato plants when the first leaf expa… - Effects of RL NB Treatments on Flowering of Tomato Plants
The transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is a major event in the plant cycle. The RL NB treatments delayed the flowering time of tomato plants. Control plants produced 8 leaves on the main stem before flowering; however, plants treated with RL NB every 1 and 2 h pr…
Discussion
- Previous studies on stem elongation kinetics indicated that stem elongation was not constant during a 24 h day/night cycle, in many plant species, stem elongation rate was higher in dark conditions than in the light (Bertram and Karlsen, 1994; Tutty et al., 1994). Therefore, one of the effective ways to control plant height is to control the light condition in the dark period. Recent s…
Author Contributions
- ZZ conceived and designed research; KC, LC, LY, XZ, and HZ conducted the experiments and write this manuscript, EB revised the language.
Conflict of Interest Statement
- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
- This research was supported by the Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, by the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU, PR China, and by the Agriculture Research System in China (No. CARS-25-D-02).