How is groundwater contaminated and treated?
Another method, called pump and treat, physically removes the water from the ground and treats it by way of biological or chemical means. Both of these methods have proven successful in treating contaminated groundwater.
What are the different types of groundwater treatment?
These three groundwater treatment methods are most commonly used by environmental consultants: The most basic type of groundwater remediation, uses air to strip water clean (air sparging). Another method, called pump and treat, physically removes the water from the ground and treats it by way of biological or chemical means.
How to remove or treat ECS in water and wastewater?
In order to improve the current analytical methods by removing or treating ECs in water and wastewater, a number of methods have been developed and reviewed in this paper, which included adsorption, membrane technology, biological treatment, and advanced oxidation process.
What is the importance of contaminant removal?
With the advancement in technology, contaminant removal has become an important factor in many industries. This includes semiconductor, medical, marine biology, food processing, waste water purification, solar panel cleaning, textile industry, coal washing, optics and many other fields where defect-free surfaces are deemed necessary.
How can we remove contaminants?
Common filtration systems and other devices for removing contaminants from water include the following:Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems.UV water purifiers.Water softeners.Distillers.Ceramic filters.Ultrafiltration systems.
What are 3 methods of environmental remediation?
The main three types of environmental remediation and reclamationSoil remediation. There are many factors that affect the soil condition. ... Groundwater and Surface water remediation. ... Sediment remediation. ... Sources.
What methods are used to cleanup groundwater contamination?
Pump and treat is a common method for cleaning up groundwater contaminated with dissolved chemicals, including industrial solvents, metals, and fuel oil. Groundwater is extracted and conveyed to an above-ground treatment system that removes the contaminants.
What is the most common method for removing groundwater?
Pump-and-treat is the most widely used remediation technique for contaminated groundwater. For this method, one or more extraction wells are used to remove contaminated water from the subsurface.
What are the remediation methods then discuss each method?
Technical principles for remediation can be divided into physical, chemical and biological processes. Techniques frequently used are: containment, pump-and-treat, extraction, stabilization/solidification, soil washing, air stripping, precipitation, vitrification, thermal desorption, and bioremediation.
What are remediation techniques?
Environmental remediation techniques include excavation, dredging, oxidation, soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, pump and treat, nanoremediation, and more.
What is the process of phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater. There are several different types of phytoremediation mechanisms.
What are the methods of dewatering?
Methods of Dewatering Used In ConstructionSumps and Ditches.Shallow Well System.Deep Well System.Well Point System.Vacuum System.Cement Grouting System.Chemical Process.Freezing Process.More items...
What is groundwater treatment process?
GROUNDWATER PROCESS Water is lifted to the surface by pumps from deep, small-diameter wells. Chlorine. Water is treated with a controlled and monitored dose of chlorine. Chlorine is used to disinfect, creating healthy, safe drinking water.
What is called dewatering techniques?
Dewatering is a term to describe the removal of groundwater or surface water from for example a construction site. In construction the water is pumped from wells or sumps to temporarily lower the groundwater levels, to allow excavation in dry and stable conditions below natural groundwater level.
What is the NAWQA data set?
This data set includes sample information and results for third-party performance assessment samples analyzed for hormones and pharmaceuticals during the same general time period as environmental samples collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project for a study of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply across the United States, 2013 through 2015. Hormone a...
What is the USGS?
USGS studies contaminants and pathogens in nature and provides the science necessary to help protect the health of people and the environment. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment.
What are emerging contaminants?
Emerging contaminants, or contaminants of emerging concern, can refer to many different kinds of chemicals, including medicines, personal care or household cleaning products, lawn care and agricultural products , among others. These chemicals make it into our Nation's lakes and rivers and have a detrimental affect on fish and other aquatic species.
How are scientists assessing the impacts of contaminants of emerging concern on Great Lakes fish, wildlife, and water quality?
Scientists are assessing the impacts of contaminants of emerging concern on Great Lakes fish, wildlife, and water quality by collecting and analyzing samples from tributaries to the Great Lakes.
What does the USGS do to explain science?
Sometimes the USGS produces videos or puts out other imagery to help explain a science topic. Here are a few examples about emerging contaminants.
What are the transgenerational effects of bisphenol A?
Transgenerational effects from early developmental exposures to bisphenol A or 17α-ethinylestradiol in medaka, Oryzias latipes. The transgenerational consequences of environmental contaminant exposures of aquatic vertebrates have the potential for broad ecological impacts, yet are largely uninvestigated.
When was the NAWQA project conducted?
This data set includes results for hormone and pharmaceutical compounds analyzed from 2012 through 2016 in laboratory quality-control samples that are associated with environmental samples collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project during 2013 through 2015 for a study of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply across the United States. Hormone and pharmace...
What are the different types of contaminant removal pathways?
Due to the significant chemical variability among different contaminants, various contaminant removal pathways by ENMs have been proposed in the literature including, but not limited to, sorption, complexation, (co)precipitation, and chemical reduction and oxidation [295–300]. The common inorganic pollutants are removed by chemical reduction for Cr, As, Cu, U, Pb, Ni, Se, Co, Pd, Pt, Hg, and Ag; adsorption for Cr, As, U, Pb, Ni, Se, Co, Cd, Zn, and Ba; oxidation/reoxidation for As, U, Se, and Pb; coprecipitation for Cr, As, Ni, and Se; and precipitation for Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and Zn. Currently, nZVI, carbon-family (e.g., CNT, GO, RGO, and CD) NMs, and particularly their NHs show great promise for environmental nanoremediation owing to their high surface area to weight ratio, resulting in a great density of reactive sites and contaminant sequestration and degradation capacity [46,293]. Taking nZVI as an example, by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, Li and Zhang [295] proposed that for metal ions (e.g., Zn (II) and Cd (II)) that have a standard electrode potential ( E0) very close to or more negative than that of zero-valent iron ( E0 =−0.41 V), the metal removal by nZVI occurs primarily via sorption and surface complexation. In contrast, for metals with E0 significantly more positive than Fe 0 such as Cu (II), Ag (I), and Hg (II), removal occurs via surface-mediated chemical reduction. And for metals with E0 slightly more positive than Fe 0 such as Ni (II) and Pb (II), both sorption and partial reduction have shown to occur [295]. It is now well-established that for in situ site remediation, the target contaminants need to be anchored or in close proximity (electronic range) of the nZVI surfaces where reactive nZVI and Fe (II) occur ubiquitously and display the highest reactivity [289,295]. For example, for the treatment of water and soils contaminated with organic pollutants such as chlorinated solvents and pesticides, PBDE, and PCB, contaminants are expected to be removed or partially detoxificated (i.e., physically destroyed) by nZVI via surface-controlled chemical reduction. In contrast, for the treatment of heavy metals and radionuclides, removal occurs typically due to sorption, complexation, and/or (co)precipitation. For this situation, contaminants are only physically immobilized by nZVI but without destruction, and therefore further secondary treatment (generally ex situ) of the nZVI-associated contaminants is required to detoxify or completely destroy the contaminants [289]. This will likely, nonetheless, elevate the overall cost of the contaminated site remediation.
What industries use contaminant removal?
This includes semiconductor, medical, marine biology, food processing, waste water purification, solar panel cleaning, textile industry, coal washing, optics and many other fields where defect-free surfaces are deemed necessary. Particulate surface contamination is one of the major causes of low yields and poor quality in these industries. Although many wet chemistries are available for effective cleaning, industrieshave a constant struggle to substitute the use of toxic solvent-based chemistries with environmentally-benign cleaning methods. Researchers have shown that ultrasonics and megasonics can effectively replace these wet chemistries and are now being extensively used in various industries and novel applications. This chapter reviews and summarizes past and current work on various acoustic cleaning applications and discusses the key aspects of cleaning fundamentals, mechanisms, advantages, and limitations.
What is the process of converting hydrocarbons?
The major conversion processes – coking, FCC, and hydrocracking – require removal of sulphur and nitrogen from feeds and/or liquid products and gases. Conversion entails reducing the length of hydrocarbon chains, thereby generating light products with higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios (H/C). Reforming removes hydrogen, which decreases H/C; in a general sense, this category includes paraffin dehydrogenation. Isomerization transforms normal paraffins into isoparaffins, leaving the H/C unchanged. Recombination includes alkylation, in which propylene reacts with isobutane to make C 7 compounds, and catalytic polymerization, in which C 6 -plus hydrocarbons are generated from propylene.
What are the problems of particle deposition?
In many manufacturing and processing environments , such as that for producing semiconductors and integrated circuits, substantial amounts of time and efforts are devoted to tackle the ubiquitous problems of particle deposition. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the deposition of particles on various surfaces encountered in industrial processes. In this chapter, the most common and influencing mechanisms of particle deposition are described. The physical aspects of the effect due to dry deposition, thermophoresis, electrostatic force and dielectrophoresis on particle deposition on surfaces are delineated and emphasized to strengthen their relevance in contaminant removal and surface cleaning. The applicable range of a specific theory and related caveats when applied to an industrial setting are also provided throughout this chapter. For an in-depth understanding of each of the mechanisms involved in particle deposition, the references cited in this chapter should serve as further reading material and guide to the specific knowledge as well.
What is petroleum refining?
Petroleum refining transforms crude oils into useful products. Additional information is available in books by Scherzer and Gruia (1996), Magee and Dolbear (1998), Gary and Handwerk (2001), and Hsu and Robinson (2006). Figure 10.1 shows a typical layout for a modern refinery. Refining entails a combination of separation, contaminant removal, conversion, reforming, isomerization, recombination, blending and environmental protection.
What is sulphur used for?
The latter is converted into high-purity elemental sulphur. Sulphur is used primarily for sulphuric acid, which in turn is used in the steel industry , in lead-acid batteries for automobiles and to make phosphoric acid.
What is the sulphur content of Athabasca crude oil?
For the crudes shown in Table 10.1, the sulphur content ranges from 0.14– 5.3 wt%, and nitrogen ranges from nil to 0.81 wt%. Densities (specific gravities) range from 0.798–1.014. Athabasca crude, with a specific gravity greater than 1.0, does not float on water; it sinks.
What is the EPA's Office of Research and Development?
EPA's Office of Research and Development and Office of Water are hosting this monthly webinar series to communicate current small systems research along with Agency priorities. The series is providing a forum for EPA to communicate directly with state personnel and other drinking water and wastewater small systems professionals, which allows EPA to provide training and foster collaboration and dissemination of information. In 2016, the webinars will include presentations from state representatives.
What is biological treatment of water?
The biological treatment of drinking water is a process that has the potential to significantly reduce contaminant concentrations while minimizing the generation of treatment residuals. Contaminants of regulatory interest that have shown themselves amenable to removal through biological treatment include ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and perchlorate.
Who is Treavor Boyer?
Treavor Boyer, Ph.D. - Dr. Boyer is an Associate Professor at the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University. where his research interest is water sustainability with many research projects on innovative applications of ion exchange technology. Dr. Boyer is the recipient of a National Science Foundation CAREER Award and his research has been sponsored by federal agencies including the Water Innovation Network for Sustainable Small Systems Center (WINSSS). WINSSS is one of two National Centers for Innovation in Small Drinking Water Systems that received EPA grants in 2013 to perform innovative research in small to medium sized drinking water systems. Dr. Boyer earned his Ph.D. and M.S. in environmental engineering from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Florida.
What is groundwater remediation?
Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat groundwater by removing the pollutants. There are many different groundwater remediation methods, but they all have the same goal: clean polluted water. These three groundwater treatment methods are most commonly used by environmental consultants: The most basic type of groundwater ...
Why is groundwater important to farmers?
Activities such as, applications of fertilizer or pesticides, spills from industrial operations and leaking from landfills can all cause groundwater contamination.
How to clean groundwater?
Carbon absorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and oxidation are all ways to achieve clean groundwater by way of chemical remediation. These are the most commonly used groundwater remediation methods, and of course there are reasons to choose one method over another. The goal for all of them is the same – remove contaminants ...
Why are biological methods used to clean groundwater?
Biological methods are convenient because the contaminated water may not even need to be removed to be treated. Chemical: This method may take longer to execute and can be costly, but still may be the only option on certain contaminants. Carbon absorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and oxidation are all ways to achieve clean groundwater ...
What is the method used to clean contaminated water?
Biological : This method uses organic matter, microorganisms and plants to clean contaminated water. Bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biosparging are three ways to use biological material to break down certain chemicals and compounds industrial waste in groundwater.
How to treat contaminated water?
Another method, called pump and treat, physically removes the water from the ground and treats it by way of biological or chemical means. Both of these methods have proven successful in treating contaminated groundwater. This method uses organic matter, microorganisms and plants to clean contaminated water.
Where is fresh water found?
Groundwater is water that sits below the ground surface and saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Fresh water makes up only about 3% of the earth’s entire water supply, and in the U.S. 95% of fresh water is found in the ground.
What is the adsorbent used for?
The same adsorbent was used to remove dye (methylene blue) [ 61] and metal (platinum) [ 62 ] . The economical and readily available adsorbent would certainly make an adsorption-based process, a viable alternative for the treatment of wastewater that contains pollutants.
What are EDCs in health?
EDCs are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as chemicals that may alter the reproductive function in males and females, increase incidence of breast cancer, abnormal growth patterns, and neurodevelopmental delays in children as well as changes in immune function [ 17 ].
What are the effects of ECs on humans?
Potential carcinogenicity, reproductive dysfunction, and endocrine disrupting influences are some of the major adverse effects on human health associated with ECs. In the 1990s, research started on the hormonal disruption of fish in surface waters.
What are the sources of ECs?
Three main sources of ECs have been identified, which include daily products used by humans, hormones, or medicines used by livestock and pesticides or nanomaterials (to improve the uptake of nutrient) used on plants [ 1 ]. They enter the environment in various ways.
Why does water consumption increase every year?
Water consumption in particular potable water increases every year due to population growth, urbanization, industrial development as well as changes in agricultural and land use practices [ 2 ]. One of the most serious problems faced by billions of people today is the availability of fresh water.
What is membrane technology?
Membrane technology is one of the promising technologies for the excellent removal of micropollutants in water. This technology uses both biological (membrane bioreactors) and nonbiological processes (reversed osmosis, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration).
Where do hormones come from in water?
Hormones found in surface water mostly came from sewage water and were not removed by treatment [ 9 ]. Beyond the health concerns, these substances that are entering the environment inevitably are not only sourced from daily use but also from the field of healthcare, industry, transport, agriculture, and so on [ 10 ].
Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination
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1. Introduction
There are many uses of radioactive materials which improve or facilitate human activities or quality of life of people. These uses are given in different fields of technology, ranging from power generation to supply entire cities or areas, to medical and industrial uses, even the smoke detectors in buildings.
2. Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste are created from all activities that radioactive materials are used, either as part of the process or the use of such materials as a constituent of equipment or instruments that allow the realization of a practice.
3. Treatment of radioactive waste
The aim of the radioactive waste treatment is to minimize the volume of waste requiring management. Treatment process selection for waste depends upon its radiological and physicochemical properties and the quantity (IAEA, 2001; Adenot et al, 2005; Chang, 2001 ).
4. Electrochemical treatment of radioactive waste
The electrochemical treatment, electroremediation, also known as electrokinetic remediation (EKR) process is classified as a physicochemical technology by the electrochemical transformation or destruction of organic and inorganic wastes, which offers many advantages such as the capacity to remove organic and inorganic pollutants by applying direct electric current into the soil.
5. Risk assessment and development of future strategies
Nuclear site operations and successful site restoration depend on the availability of suitable waste management routes and facilities. Effective management of both radioactive and non-radioactive waste is essential to the delivery is a significant part of the process.
6. Conclusions
Radioactive materials are extensively used in industrial and research activities into medical, agricultural and environmental applications, and in various other areas.