Does nitrogen application improve the decomposition of crop residue?
The decomposition of crop residue is highly controlled by soil moisture and temperature as essential factors for microbial activity for the residue decomposition. Therefore, from economic and environmental perspectives, N application has little effect in achieving the intended results of facilitating residue decomposition.
What are the alternative uses of crop residues?
Some studies, such as Haberl et al. (2011), account for alternative uses of the residues (e.g., fodder, bedding). Crop residues play an important role in limiting soil erosion and in maintaining soil organic matter.
Why are crop residues primarily composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?
This is because crop residues are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin and the absorption characteristics of crop residues are highly correlated to the absorption characteristics of cellulose and lignin. The CAI can capture the cellulose absorption at 2101 nm. Figure 24.15.
Why is it important to manage crop residues after harvesting?
Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective antierosion measure. Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO2 in the soil. Good residue management practices on agricultural lands have many positive impacts on soil quality.
Why are crop residues important?
How do crop residues help the soil?
What is crop residue cover?
What is residue after harvest?
Why do farmers burn crop residue?
How does agriculture help society?
Is mulch a gas?
See more
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What is the example of plant residues?
Plant residue are crop materials such as stems, leaves, and roots, that are left on the field after the harvest. In the past, farmers considered crop residue to be trash, that was usually destroyed by fire.
What is agricultural crop residue?
Crop residues are materials left in an agricultural field after the crop has been harvested. These residues include stalks and stubble (stems), leaves and seed pods. Good management of field residues can increase efficiency of irrigation and control of erosion.
What are the components of plant residue?
Cell walls of crop residues consist mainly of polysaccharides, protein and lignin. These substances, with small amounts of other components, like acetyl groups and phenols, are organized in a complex three-dimensional structure. Other wall components include suberin, cutin, tannins, waxes and minerals.
What is residue decomposition?
Residue decomposition includes the processes of N immobilization and mineralization, both of which involve soil microbes (Figure 1). During decomposition, soil microbes feed upon the carbon (C) in crop residue and require N for the process.
Why do we treat crop residue?
Although chopping crop residues such as stover or straw to 5 cm or a little longer before feeding may not significantly affect the nutrient content, it offers the following advantages: It increases intake by the animals (leading to increased milk output). It reduces feed wastage.
What are the types of crop residues?
These residues include husks, seeds, bagasse, molasses and roots. They can be used as animal fodder and soil amendment, fertilizers and in manufacturing.
What can you do with crop residue?
These crop residues can be incorporated into the soil, which increase soil C (Singh et al., 2005). On decomposition, crop residues supply plant nutrients to the succeeding crop, increase biomass above and below the ground surface, and reduce GHG emission by sequestering soil C.
Which of the following is a process that involves planting seeds into the residue of the previous crop *?
No-till farmingNo-till farming involves planting seeds into the residue of the previous crop, with no tillage between harvest. No till leaves 60 to 70 percent of a field covered with crop residue.
What is organic residue?
Organic residues are carbon-based substances of biological origin that may survive in a broad range of archaeological contexts, including the fabric of pottery vessels, food preparation and floor surfaces, midden or latrine deposits, and archaeological sediments themselves.
How residues are decomposed in soil?
Within the N cycle, the residue decomposition process relies on immobilization and mineralization, both of which involve soil microbes (Figure 1). Immobilization is when N is consumed by soil microbes. Mineralization is the release of N that generally happens upon the death of soil microbes.
What will happen as the plant residues breakdown?
The release of nutrients that occurs as plant residues degrade has several effects on soil. The enhanced microbial activity causes an increase in soil structure, which affects most of the physical properties of soil, such as aeration and infiltration.
What is the most abundant constituent of plant residues?
Here, we monitored the dynamics of cellulose and lignin, the most abundant constituents of plant residues, and their relationships with enzyme activities, microbial gene abundances and soil properties after 13-year long-term and one-year short-term crop straw incorporation into upland and upland-paddy soils in a field- ...
Crop residue management: A solution to in-situ residue burning: A review
Crop residue management: A solution to in-situ residue burning: A review ... ~ 603 ~ (
Crop Residue Management A Review - IJCMAS
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 28-33 32 used in large scale feedlot production. The beneficial effects of baler are easier to handle, transport and store.
Management of crop residue through various techniques
~ 618 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; SP1: 618-620 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2019; SP1: 618-620 Kamaljeet Kaur Department of Agriculture, BFC,
Management of crop residues for sustainable crop production
IAEA-TECDOC-1354 Management of crop residues for sustainable crop production Results of a co-ordinated research project organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture
Crop residues - definition of crop residues by The Free Dictionary
crop (krŏp) n. 1. a. Cultivated plants or agricultural produce, such as grain, vegetables, or fruit, considered as a group: Wheat is a common crop. b. The total yield of such produce in a particular season or place: an orchard that produced a huge crop of apples last year. 2. A group, quantity, or supply appearing at one time: a crop of new ideas. 3. A ...
Introduction
Crop residues usually consist of the aboveground part of cereal plants after grain removal. They are potentially rich sources of energy because up to 80 percent of their dry matter (DM) consists of polysaccharides.
Botanical structure and cell wall chemical composition
As parts of plants, crop residues contain five different tissue types: (a) vascular bundles containing phloem and xylem cells; (b) parenchyma bundle sheaths surrounding the vascular tissue; (c) sclerenchyma patches connecting the vascular bundles to the epidermis; (d) mesophyll cells between the vascular bundles and epidermal layers; and (e) a single layer of epidermal cells covered by a protective cuticle on the outside.
Nutritive value of crop residues
Nutritive value is generally determined by feed composition, intake and utilization efficiency of digested matter. Thus, the value of a feed depends on chemical composition, digestibility, intake and efficiency.
Factors affecting the nutritive value of crop residues
A variety of factors have been identified that may influence nutritive value of crop residues. From literature reports and our experience, factors can be divided into three categories: plant, animal and environmental.
Improving feed value by processing or treatment
Ruminants despite their unique and highly efficient digestive system, are not able to extract sufficient energy to grow and produce milk from low quality or highly lignified residues. These must be properly processed or treated in some way to make them useful for production.
Why are crop residues important?
Crop residues play an important role in limiting soil erosion and in maintaining soil organic matter. The quantities needed for these purposes are a function of the crop grown, the management practices used (e.g., crop rotation, tillage practices), the soil type, field topography, and climate among other factors.
How do crop residues help the soil?
Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO2 in the soil. Good residue management practices on agricultural lands have many positive impacts on soil quality. Besides, crop residues can be used in biofuel production.
What is crop residue cover?
24.5.1 Crop residue cover. Crop residues are materials left on cultivated land after the crop has been harvested. Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective antierosion measure. Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO2 in the soil.
What is residue after harvest?
Crop residues remaining after harvest can act as a mulch that counteracts the destructive impact of rain and wind on soils and also help retain soil moisture, enhancing yields for subsequent crops.
Why do farmers burn crop residue?
Crop residue burning is convenient to the farmers, because narrow window get a get a between the wet season harvest and the dry season cropping, forcing the farmers to burn the residues to vacate the fields.
How does agriculture help society?
Croplands have the potential to offset a very significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, but questions about climate change impacts on crop residue decomposition research need to be addressed. Specifically: (1) To what extent does climate change affect diversity of plant species and soil biota and residue decomposition processes? (2) What methods of decomposition management should be utilized to control C sequestration and CO2 emissions? (3) What are the tillage methods and residue interactions important in carbon cycling for nutrient-use efficiency? Within a given ecosystem, the soils have a finite capacity to store carbon limited by natural soil formation factors. As a result, agriculture's contribution to these larger global climate change issues will likely be for the short term (25–50 years). Nevertheless, agriculture can help society buy time to develop new technologies and cleaner burning fuels.
Is mulch a gas?
The gaseous composition of soil air under mulch depends on the nature of the mulch material (C:N ratio), its rate of decomposition, the soil moisture regime and the climatic condition. Plastic mulch is practically imper vious to carbon dioxide (CO2 ), a gas that is of prime importance for photosynthesis.
Key Points
Residue decomposition plays a role in both percentage of residue remaining at planting as well as nitrogen availability during and after decomposition.
Why is crop residue decomposition important?
The process of crop residue decomposition is important because of its influence on the subsequent crop. There are three primary areas of risk that crop residue poses to the next crop: seedbed conditions, disease potential, and N immobilization.
How crop decomposition works
Crop residue is composed of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and nutrients. In order for residue to decompose, many biological and chemical processes take place that are influenced by environmental and soil conditions such as air and soil temperature, soil moisture, pH, oxygen level, and soil microbial community.
How can I manage decomposition?
While cropping system and ecosystem management can influence the factors critical to the processes of residue decomposition, there is little that can be done to “manage” for optimal decomposition.
Crop Residue Decomposition and Nitrogen Mobilization
Many biological and chemical processes take place during the course of crop residue decomposition. Soil microbes feed upon the C in crop residue and require N for the process.
What are agricultural residues?
Agricultural residues include rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk, and corn stover, which are mostly left on the fields after harvests and used for fodder and landfill material or burnt in many places.
What is cellulose in agriculture?
Cellulose is the main constituent of agricultural residues. Approximately 35–45% of the dry substance in most straw and grass species is cellulose, located predominantly in the secondary cell wall. The term ‘α-cellulose’ is given to the residue remaining after delignification by sodium chlorite in acidic solution and separation of hemicelluloses by extraction of the holocellulose with 24% KOH (or 17.5% NaOH) at 25°C for 2 h or 10% KOH (or 7.5% NaOH) at 25°C for 16 h. This term was originally coined for wood cellulose which is insoluble in strong sodium hydroxide solution. The portion which is soluble in the alkaline medium but precipitated from the neutralized solution was called ‘β-cellulose’. ‘γ-Cellulose’ is the name for the portion which remains soluble even in the neutralized solution. This method was modified in various ways and is now established as the standard method for the determination of α-, β-, and γ-cellulose from straws and grasses. The cellulose-rich residues remaining after alkaline peroxide treatment under the conditions given earlier contain 80–90% cellulose and 10–20% hemicelluloses as well as approximately 5% bound lignin. During steam treatment, cellulose undergoes a change in its crystallinity and can also partially depolymerize, depending on the treatment conditions. The cellulose-rich fibres generated by the steam treatment/explosion process are generally more accessible to chemicals and enzymes under derivatization conditions.
What are lignocellulosic residues?
The major lignocellulosic agricultural residues are wheat, rice, barley straw, corn stover, sorghum stalks, coconut husks, sugarcane bagasse, and pineapple and banana leaves. Not all of these agro-fibres are available across the world, but they grow in different regions depending on the climatic conditions required to grow food crops.
What are oleaginous microorganisms?
Oleaginous microorganisms include microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Filamentous fungi serve as an ideal source for bio-oil production.
What is biological treatment of roughages?
Moreover, biological treatment roughages feed increases the feed intake, digestibility and eventually livestock production and reproduction. However, the application of biological treatment of roughages is limited by lack of biological agents such as the typical fungi or its products (enzymes) and knowledge of utilization of such agents.
What are the microorganisms that break down lignin?
Microorganisms such as the brown, white and soft-rot fungi have been used to breakdown lignin and hemicellulose crop residues [17]. Attempts had been made to identify species of white-rot fungi for their ability to grow on straws that improved their nutritive value [18]. White rot fungi are known to degrade lignin to a great extent ...
What are the three main groups of fungi that are active in the biodegradation of wood?
Fungi that are active in the biodegradation of wood can be classified into three main groups according to their methods of degrading biomass, specifically white-rot, brown-rot , and soft-rot fungi. White-rot and brown-rot fungi belong to Basidiomycetes, whereas soft-rot fungi belong to Ascomycetes [23].
What fungi can degrade lignin?
White rot fungi are known to degrade lignin to a great extent and at a fast pace when compared to any other group of organisms [19]. They are the only fungi that can take the complete lignin mineralization [20].
Why is improving the nutritive value of feeds of such kind important?
Hence, improving the nutritive value of feeds of such kind is vital for best utilization for ultimate goal of increased animal production. Animal feeds and feeding practices can be changed by biological catalysts such as fungi with the objective to improve nutritive value and to reduce environmental waste.
What are fungal cultures used for?
In adult cattle, dietary addition of yeasts and Aspergillus oryzae (AO) extract have been shown to increase feed efficiency and weight gain, and slightly increase milk production in lactating dairy cows. Among ruminal bacteria, two functional groups, the fiber digesting and lactate utilizing bacteria, are stimulated by addition of fungal cultures [40]. One approach that has recently been widely investigated is the application of live microbial preparations, in order to promote digestion and intestinal hygiene, enhance animal performance and reduce usage of antibiotics [41-43]. It is indicated that microbial additives may benefit ruminant nutrition in terms of live weight gain and milk production by a magnitude of 7 to 8% [44]. Yeast cells promote growth of rumen bacteria, and cellulolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria can be preferentially stimulated [45].
Why are crop residues important?
Crop residues play an important role in limiting soil erosion and in maintaining soil organic matter. The quantities needed for these purposes are a function of the crop grown, the management practices used (e.g., crop rotation, tillage practices), the soil type, field topography, and climate among other factors.
How do crop residues help the soil?
Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO2 in the soil. Good residue management practices on agricultural lands have many positive impacts on soil quality. Besides, crop residues can be used in biofuel production.
What is crop residue cover?
24.5.1 Crop residue cover. Crop residues are materials left on cultivated land after the crop has been harvested. Retention of crop residues after harvesting is considered to be an effective antierosion measure. Crop residues can improve soil structure, increase organic matter content in the soil, reduce evaporation, and help fix CO2 in the soil.
What is residue after harvest?
Crop residues remaining after harvest can act as a mulch that counteracts the destructive impact of rain and wind on soils and also help retain soil moisture, enhancing yields for subsequent crops.
Why do farmers burn crop residue?
Crop residue burning is convenient to the farmers, because narrow window get a get a between the wet season harvest and the dry season cropping, forcing the farmers to burn the residues to vacate the fields.
How does agriculture help society?
Croplands have the potential to offset a very significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, but questions about climate change impacts on crop residue decomposition research need to be addressed. Specifically: (1) To what extent does climate change affect diversity of plant species and soil biota and residue decomposition processes? (2) What methods of decomposition management should be utilized to control C sequestration and CO2 emissions? (3) What are the tillage methods and residue interactions important in carbon cycling for nutrient-use efficiency? Within a given ecosystem, the soils have a finite capacity to store carbon limited by natural soil formation factors. As a result, agriculture's contribution to these larger global climate change issues will likely be for the short term (25–50 years). Nevertheless, agriculture can help society buy time to develop new technologies and cleaner burning fuels.
Is mulch a gas?
The gaseous composition of soil air under mulch depends on the nature of the mulch material (C:N ratio), its rate of decomposition, the soil moisture regime and the climatic condition. Plastic mulch is practically imper vious to carbon dioxide (CO2 ), a gas that is of prime importance for photosynthesis.