in the treatment of acute glaucoma, which classifications of drugs are most useful quizlet

by Ms. Sabina Lockman DDS Published 2 years ago Updated 2 years ago

What is glaucoma and how is it treated?

Jul 19, 2021 · The most common treatment for glaucoma is prescription eye drops. They work by lowering the pressure in your eye and preventing damage to your optic nerve. These eye drops won’t cure glaucoma or reverse vision loss, but they can keep glaucoma from getting worse.

When is medical therapy adjunctive in the treatment of glaucoma?

Nov 06, 2015 · Topical beta blockers can be used once or twice daily and in combination with most other drug classes and can be good first- or second-line drugs in most pediatric glaucomas. About 75% of patients can achieve short-term IOP control with topical beta blocker therapy alone.

What is the ocular hypertension treatment study for glaucoma?

Mar 27, 2020 · Treatment category: Treatment type: Mechanism of action: Drugs: Local application: Prostaglandin analogs Beta-blockers Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Miotic agents : Improved uveoscleral and trabecular outflow Reduced aqueous humor production Reduced aqueous humor production, increased uveoscleral outflow …

What is the therapeutic window for glaucoma medications in pediatric patients?

What are the 2 ways drugs lower IOP. Facilitating aqueous humour outflow. Reduce aqueous humour production. What are the 3 drug classes used to treat Glaucoma. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers) alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Prostaglandins.

Which of the following drug classifications is the first line of therapy for treating glaucoma?

Since their introduction in 1979, β blockers have become first line therapy for glaucoma. These agents reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), thereby preventing damage to the optic nerve and subsequent loss of vision.

Which group of ophthalmic drugs is used in the short term treatment of glaucoma?

Apraclonidine 0.5% eye drops are used for the short-term treatment of glaucoma (a condition that can cause damage to the optic nerve and vision loss, usually due to increased pressure in the eye) in people who are taking other medications for this condition and still have increased pressure in the eye.

Which class of drug is the most important in the long term control of asthma quizlet?

Inhaled corticosteroids. The most potent and consistently effective long-term anti-inflammatory medications for asthma, with fewer side effects than oral corticosteroids.

In which class of the Vaughn Williams classification system of anti Dysrhythmic medications does propranolol belong?

Non-specific β-blockers:

Propranolol.

Which of the following beta blockers is used in glaucoma?

Because of the lower risk of precipitating side effects, betaxolol is probably the beta-blocker of first choice for use in glaucoma; timolol or levobunolol are reserved for patients who do not respond satisfactorily to betaxolol and are quite free of respiratory disease.

What is the most effective treatment for glaucoma?

Laser surgery is usually the first choice for non-medication glaucoma treatment. Also known as laser trabeculoplasty, this form of treatment is ideal for open-angle glaucoma. Your doctor will use the laser to unclog the fluid channels in the trabecular meshwork of your eye.

What treatment category of MS focuses on the attacks or flareups of the disease?

Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): Several medications have FDA approval for long-term MS treatment. These drugs help reduce relapses (also called flare-ups or attacks). They slow down the disease's progression.Feb 10, 2021

Which class of drugs is only indicated in severe COPD patients who have frequent exacerbations?

From these clinical trials it is concluded that inhaled glucocorticoids should only be administered to patients with severe to very severe COPD (post-bronchodilator FEV₁ ≤50% of the predicted value) with frequent exacerbations requiring treatment with antibiotics or oral glucocorticoids (^GICOPD ²⁰⁰¹).

What is the purpose of long-term control asthma medication?

Long-term control (LTC) medications help reduce airway inflammation, control chronic symptoms, and prevent asthma attacks. These medications do not relieve asthma symptoms quickly. To achieve and maintain control of asthma, most people must use LTC medications daily(EPR-₃‡).

What is Vaughan Williams Singh classification?

The five main classes in the Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic agents are: Class I agents interfere with the sodium (Na⁺) channel. Class II agents are anti-sympathetic nervous system agents. Most agents in this class are beta blockers. Class III agents affect potassium (K⁺) efflux.

What are Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs?

Class 3 antiarrhythmics are drugs that block cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) tissue K channels Channels The Cell: Cell Membrane . The medications in this class include amiodarone.
...
Medications within this drug class

Amiodarone. ...
Dronedarone.
Sotalol.
Ibutilide.
Dofetilide.
Bretylium.

Apr 8, 2022

What are the Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs?

Quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide, lidocaine, mexiletine, flecainide, and propafenone are all class I antiarrhythmic drugs (table 1) used for the treatment of various atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.Mar 10, 2022

What is the goal of glaucoma treatment?

Goals of medication use in children with glaucoma include simplifying the schedule, minimizing side effects, and maximizing adherence.

Is pilocarpine used for glaucoma?

Pilocarpine is used after angle surgery and sometimes with JOAG. In congenital glaucoma, pilocarpine is less effective at reducing IOP. Echothiophate systemic effects: sometimes diarrhea, possibly inflammatory, warn about use with succinyl choline. Echothiophate and pilocarpine: headache; can induce myopic shift.

What is the IOP for glaucoma?

The indication for intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications in childhood glaucoma can vary with the context of diagnosis and disease course. When primary surgical intervention is advantageous (e.g., in primary congenital glaucoma, in which angle surgery has a high likelihood of success) or urgently necessary (e.g., angle-closure glaucoma, in which intervention can open the angle and allow it to regain function), medical therapy is adjunctive. In these cases, medications (topical and sometimes systemic) are used as a temporizing measure and often to help clear corneal edema ahead of surgery. Medications can also be used postoperatively if surgery has incompletely controlled the IOP.

Is glaucoma a long term condition?

As in adult-onset glaucoma, long-term medication use in the management of pediatric glaucoma can be life-long, and each agent exposes the child to potentially undesirable side effects and incurs cost. The greater life expectancy in these young patients also means greater medication exposure and higher cumulative risk of potential side effects.

How do prostaglandins help with glaucoma?

Prostaglandin analogs reduce IOP by enhancing uveoscleral outflow of the eye. There are four prostaglandin analogs available in the United States as topical therapy for glaucoma: latanoprost, bimatoprost, travoprost, and tafluprost.

Can Brimonidine be used for glaucoma?

Brimonidine can be used judiciously with careful monitoring for systemic side effects, and echothiophate iodide can be considered in cases of glaucoma after infantile cataract surgery. Oral CAI can provide substantial IOP-lowering in older children, but long-term adherence and tolerability can be limited. Table 1.

What is the most widely used non-selective beta blocker?

The most widely used nonselective beta blocker in children is timolol, whereas betaxolol is the most widely used relatively beta‑1 selective beta blocker; both of these are most often available as 0.25% and 0.5% solutions, with viscous gel-forming versions also sold.

Is glaucoma a cause of blindness?

In western Europe, glaucoma is the second most common cause of irreversible blindness, after age-related macular degeneration. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma rises with age (19), from 0.4% at the age of 40–44 years to 2.7% at age 70–74 and 10.0% over age 90 in persons of European ancestry. Men are more commonly affected than women (odds ...

What is glaucoma optic nerve?

Definition. Glaucoma is a group of disorders whose common feature is progressive degeneration of the optic nerve, with loss of retinal ganglion cells, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer , and increasing excavation of the optic disc. Learning objectives.

Where is glaucoma drained?

The aqueous humor is mainly drained in the chamber angle via the trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm, and partly via the uveoscleral outflow (root of the iris, ciliary body).

Is intraocular pressure normal for glaucoma?

Glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve may arise even when the intraocular pressure is within normal limits (normal-pressure glaucoma). Among persons of European ancestry, the intraocular pressure is normal in 30% of all cases of glaucoma (10), with regional variation in prevalence. This disorder is apparently caused by an intraocular pressure ...

What is the prevalence of glaucoma in Europe?

The prevalence of glaucoma in Europe among persons aged 40 to 80 years is 2.93% (figure 3) (16). Most suffer from open-angle glaucoma, which has a prevalence of 2.51% from age 40 to age 80 (16).

Does open angle glaucoma show symptoms?

Thus, persons with open-angle glaucoma generally report no symptoms (36), and many are completely unaware that they have the condition (37). One-third of patients already have the condition in an advanced or late stage in at least one eye at the time of diagnosis (38).

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