Is DM2 a hard subject to learn for a pharmacist?
And within each of these classes, there are multiple medications. Meaning DM2 can be an overwhelming subject to learn for a pharmacist. In this post, I hope to make it easier for you.
Is it finally time to move on to treatment of DM?
Alright, it's finally time to move on to treatment of DM. Again as a quick note, this article will only focus on oral DM therapies. I'll leave injectable treatments for another day.
Why become a DM pharmacist?
Because there are so many classes of drugs used for DM (and the drugs within each class can differ widely), DM is a huge area for pharmacist opportunity. We can make some quality interventions and really impact patient care with our drug expertise.
What are the treatment options for diabetes mellitus (DM)?
Smoking cessation-Smokers (and people regularly exposed to secondhand smoke) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, microvascular complications, and premature death. So it goes without saying, cessation counseling (and pharmacologic therapy if necessary) are part of the treatment plan for DM.
What is the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes?
What are the medications used for type 2 diabetes?
About this website
How do you remember a diabetes medication Mnemonic?
2:123:18Diabetic Drugs - Learn with Visual Mnemonics! - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipWhich is the orange X on the wheel. Alright folks that's it for this video to learn more aboutMoreWhich is the orange X on the wheel. Alright folks that's it for this video to learn more about visual mnemonics and the drugs used in diabetes.
What are the pharmacologic treatments for diabetes mellitus?
Treatment options are divided into noninsulin therapies—insulin sensitizers, secretagogues, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretins, pramlintide, bromocriptine, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors—and insulin therapies (insulin and insulin analogues).
What are recommended treatments for diabetes mellitus?
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, frequent blood sugar checks, and carbohydrate counting. Treatment of type 2 diabetes primarily involves lifestyle changes, monitoring of your blood sugar, along with diabetes medications, insulin or both.
What is the first line pharmacologic therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
Metformin, if not contraindicated and if tolerated, is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (A rating).
What are the pharmacologic and non pharmacologic treatments for diabetes mellitus?
Nonpharmacologic approaches include a low-calorie diet, weight loss and regular vigorous exercise. Pharmacologic approaches include the use of metformin (Glucophage) and troglitazone (Rezulin).
What is the best treatment for diabetes type 2?
Metformin is generally the preferred initial medication for treating type 2 diabetes unless there's a specific reason not to use it. Metformin is effective, safe, and inexpensive. It may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Metformin also has beneficial effects when it comes to reducing A1C results.
What is diabetes mellitus type 2 & treatment?
There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but losing weight, eating well and exercising can help you manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage your blood sugar, you may also need diabetes medications or insulin therapy.
What are the five components of diabetes management?
Use these "5 Steps to Better Diabetes Self-Management" as a road map to begin your journey toward well-controlled diabetes. Monitor your glucose. Take your medications!...Step 1: Monitor your glucose. ... Step 2: Take your medications! ... Step 3: Be mindful of your food choices. ... Step 4: Get up and get moving!More items...
Why is metformin first-line treatment?
The UKPDS results, including glycemic-lowering efficacy, the weight benefits, the low risk for hypoglycemia, and the reduction in macrovascular complications, led to metformin becoming the preferred first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
What are the GLP-1 drugs?
Diabetes drugs in the GLP-1 agonists class include:Dulaglutide (Trulicity), taken by injection weekly.Exenatide extended release (Bydureon), taken by injection weekly.Exenatide (Byetta), taken by injection twice daily.Semaglutide (Ozempic), taken by injection weekly.Semaglutide (Rybelsus), taken by mouth once daily.More items...
What is the first-line treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injected subcutaneously is the first-line treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The different types of insulin vary with respect to onset and duration of action. Short-, intermediate-, and long-acting insulins are available.
Type 2 diabetes: pharmacological management strategies
Diabetes affects around 382 million people worldwide and the numbers are increasing. In the UK, more than 2.8 million people have type 2 diabetes with an estimated cost to the NHS of £12bn a yearOn account of rising obesity and changes in the ethnic make up of the UK population, the number of people in the UK with diabetes is expected to rise by over 50% by 2030
Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus - PMC
INTRODUCTION. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that affects more than 400 million people around the world. In 2040, there will be more than 640 million people with diabetes worldwide[].The prevalence of T2DM is expected to double within the next 20 years, due to the increase of the age, obesity and the number of ethnic groups of high risk in the population[], with significant ...
Pharmacology of Diabetes Medications
Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden on the US CDC National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014 •71% had BP > 140/90 mmHg or used Rx medications for treating HBP.
Treatment approach to type 2 diabetes: Past, present and future
Core tip: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global burden disease and one of the leading all-cause mortality causes due to cardiovascular (CV) complications. The rapid raise in the understanding of its pathogenesis resulted in treatment approach options beyond insulin that also provide beneficial CV effect.
Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Clinical trials. Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.. Lifestyle and home remedies. Careful management of type 2 diabetes can reduce your risk of serious — even life-threatening — complications.
What is the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes?
While lifestyle modifications and metformin are the cornerstone of the initial management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is an increasing array of second and third-line pharmacological agents for this condition.
What are the medications used for type 2 diabetes?
These include sulphonylureas, insulin, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, with the more recent addition ...
Why are drug classifications easy to remember?
Some drug classifications are easy to remember because of there endings. Those are some of them that I use to remember. I know that some antibiotics are linked with similar endings like -sporins and what not, you could go through drug classes and write down how they are similar and linked.
What are oral hypoglycemic drugs?
Oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus mnemonic So whenever there is a LOT of things to remember, like a lot of drug classes or a lot of microorganisms, I personify them. I make them real life characters and give them creep personality traits. Here's a mnemonic kinda thingy on drugs used in diabetes mellitus aka oral hypoglycemics! Biguanides:Inhibits hepatic glucogenesis and increases peripheral uptake of glucose. Metformin meets glucose and advises it to stay out of the blood. It asks the liver to keep glucose in the house (Inhibits hepatic glucose production) and asks the glucose in the bloodstream to go into adipose and skeletal muscle (Stimulates peripheral uptake of glucose). Metformin never met a glucose molecule and did not tell him to not stay in blood :P Sulfonylureas:Mimic action of glucose by closing K+ channels in pancreatic cells, which leads to depolarization and increased Ca2+ influx, releasing insulin. Sulfonylureas summon insulin. They close the potassium gates in the haunted graveyard of the pancreas and chant depolarizing spells that open calcium channel. This brings back insulin from the dead. GlyBuride is more like Ghost Bringer. Drugs ending with -gliptins (Sitagliptin, etc) are dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. They act to inhibit degradation of the endogenous incretins GLP-1 and GIP. Continue reading >>
What is the best treatment for diabetes?
The patient of this disease should avoid sweet food to control this disease. Doing physical exercise and maintaining a good diet chart is the best treatment for diabetes. Best diabetes treatment Thanks for sharing such a great blog.
What insulin is in the gargoyle?
First up, are the Insulins which is represented by the INSULATED gargoyle as hes wearing a jacket...The gargoyle with big LIPS, is a short-acting insulin called LISPRO. The ZINC rock in his hands is an intermediate acting insulin called ZINC. The JEANS hes wearing, is a long acting insulin called GlarGINE.
Is diabetes self management easy?
Diabetes Self-Management Education Made Easy with Mnemonic Because diabetes can affect many parts of the body ,theres a lot to remember for self-management.Fortunately, diabetes self-management education can be made easy.
Incorporating Guidelines Into a Managed Care Practice
Excellus BlueCross BlueShield is a nonprofit independent licensee of the BlueCross BlueShield Association and is New York's largest nonprofit health plan. It collectively provides health insurance to 2 million people and interacts with ∼3,000 primary care providers in the greater New York state area.
Pharmacological Intervention
In nondiabetic patients, glucose homeostasis is mediated by the stimulation of insulin secretion from the β-cells in the pancreas, which acts to suppress the endogenous hepatic production of glucose and stimulate glucose uptake in the peripheral tissues (e.g., muscle and fat).
Treatment Strategy
When developing a pharmacological treatment strategy for patients with type 2 diabetes, it is important to remember that glucose disposition is part of a complex metabolic and cardiovascular system that includes dys-lipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and coagulability, among others morbidities.
Excellus BlueCross BlueShield Algorithm
Excellus BlueCross BlueShield was charged with implementing a treatment algorithm that would serve as a quick reference for primary care practitioners and a tool to augment other components of the DMP described herein.
Development Process
Our review of the literature identified several articles that address the available medications and suggest how they might be used.
The Algorithm
The resulting algorithm ( Figure 1) appeared on the front of a standardsize piece of paper, and Quick Tips were included on the back ( Figure 2 ). Our peer review panel strongly advocated making insulin an option at any point in the process.
Case Study 1
M.S. is a 67-year-old woman who went to her primary care physician with a complaint of fatigue. She is 5′5″ tall and weighs 200 lb. A finger-stick blood glucose test showed a non-fasting blood glucose of 240 mg/dl. M.S. was sent to the laboratory the next day for a fasting blood glucose and an A1C measurement.
Which is the first generation of drugs?
The first-generation includes older drugs, such as tolbutamide, which are less effective and associated with more adverse effects than their second-generation counterparts. The drugs listed above are all second-generation agents. Both sulfonylureas and meglitinides act to promote insulin secretion.
How does metformin work?
More specifically, metformin works through a combo of means: Reduce glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Enhance glucose uptake by skeletal muscle.
What are the factors that prevent prediabetes from descending to type 2 diabetes?
Diabetes management is more than medicines, though. Lifestyle factors – such as diet and exercise – can prevent prediabetes from descending to type 2 diabetes itself, whilst they can also reverse many of the pathological effects of the disease and its progression.
How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work?
Instead, they work by slowing carbohydrate metabolism throughout the gastrointestinal tract – an effect achieved by decreasing carbohydrate enzyme production.
How to improve DM?
Nutrition therapy is important to improve basically all elements of DM (overall health, body weight, blood sugar, blood pressure, lipids, and to prevent complications of diabetes). Physical activity - At least 150 minutes of "moderate to vigorous" aerobic exercise per week, spread out over at least 3 days.
What are the oral medications for T2DM?
Today, available classes of oral glucose-lowering agents include: Sulfonylureas. Biguanides. Meglitinides. Thiazolidinediones. DPP-4 inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
What is T1DM diabetes?
T1DM is sometimes referred to as “insulin dependent diabetes”. Type 2 DM (T2DM): A metabolic disorder that results when the body is ineffective at using the insulin it has produced, or is unable to produce enough insulin. T2DM is often diagnosed in adulthood.
What happens when you have T1DM?
As time goes on and more insulin producing cells in the pancreas are killed off, the body loses its ability to control blood glucose levels and symptoms of diabetes begin to appear. T1DM is often diagnosed in childhood. T1DM is sometimes referred to as “insulin dependent diabetes”.
How much did diabetes cost in 2012?
The estimated cost of diabetes in the US in 2012 was $245 billion. Patients with diabetes spend about 2.3 times more money on medical expenditures than patients without diabetes.
Can you get T2DM if you have GDM?
If you have GDM, you have an increased risk of developing T2DM later on (even after delivery) Alright, let's move on to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. In patients with T2DM, insulin resistance is the primary problem. This insulin resistance is usually caused by genetic predisposition and certain risk factors.
Can you use oral glucose lowering agents alone?
As I mentioned earlier, there are many different oral glucose-lowering agents. These agents can be used alone or in combination, and are often recommended at various stages of diabetes. Additionally, medications in the same class often have different side effects, monitoring parameters, and counseling points.
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, has reached epidemic proportions in the last few decades of the 20th century because of the obesity pandemic resulting from adverse lifestyles. Diabetes as a consequence of obesity (diabesity), continues to increase exponentially in the 21st century.
Dietary interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nutritional interventions are important in achieving optimal glycaemic control in patients with T2DM. Most patients with T2DM are overweight or obese and, therefore, weight loss achieved through dietary restriction of energy helps diabesity management.
Diet and blood glucose response
Blood glucose response to individual food items varies according to glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of the diet. GI is calculated by the blood glucose response 2 hours after the intake of 100g of a particular food item expressed in comparison to the blood glucose response after the intake of 100g of glucose.
Medical nutrition therapy
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) uses the term medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to describe the optimal co-ordination of dietary intake with diabetic therapy (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological) to achieve a favourable outcome. 18 MNT can be used as a primary, secondary or tertiary prevention measure in T2DM.
Health benefits of a Mediterranean diet in diabetes
The MD is basically a plant-based diet, which is well known for its various health benefits, mainly in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. 21 The MD also has a favourable effect in people with diabetes.
Dietary interventions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Although the principles of MNT are similar for the management of T1DM, another important aspect of dietary management is to be considered in these patients. The insulin doses can be calculated as per the carbohydrate counting principles adopted for patients to optimise diabetes control.
Physical activity for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Physical activity refers to any body movement that increases energy expenditure above the baseline, whereas exercise is a planned, structured and repetitive physical activity performed with the objective of improving physical fitness.
What is the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes?
While lifestyle modifications and metformin are the cornerstone of the initial management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is an increasing array of second and third-line pharmacological agents for this condition.
What are the medications used for type 2 diabetes?
These include sulphonylureas, insulin, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, with the more recent addition ...