Etiology and natural history are keys to identifying intervention opportunities. Prevention is defined at three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Strategies include health promotion, reducing risk factors, case finding, screening, addressing functional health, preventing errors, and integrated models.
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What is the etiology of a disease?
Etiology focuses on the backstory of a disease. Generally, the etiology of illness falls into one of three main categories, namely: Intrinsic — coming from within Extrinsic — originating from external factors
What are the different types of disease etiologies?
A disease's etiology, or cause, generally falls into three main categories; intrinsic, extrinsic and idiopathic. First we will talk about intrinsic etiologies.
What is the third category of disease etiology?
The third and final category of disease etiology is idiopathic, or of unknown cause. Remember, we are 'idio'-ts for not knowing the disease etiology. Hopefully, that'll help you remember the definition of this term.
How does an epidemiologist determine the root cause of a disease?
By collecting clues about the symptoms surrounding a disease, an epidemiologist can follow the trail to determine the root causes of a particular health problem. These clues come in the form of asking a handful of pertinent questions, such as the following:
How would you describe the etiology of a disease?
The etiology of a disease is its cause or origin. Etiology is also the name for the study of the causes of diseases. It can also refer to the study of the cause of things in other fields, such as philosophy and physics. But it is most commonly used in the context of medicine.
What are the prevention and treatment of diseases?
Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk factors for a disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring. Treatment normally begins either before signs and symptoms of the disease occur, or shortly thereafter.
What are the 3 stages of disease in etiology?
Opportunities for prevention arise at every stage in the process, and three main levels are described: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
What are the 3 levels of disease prevention?
Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through.Secondary Prevention—screening to identify diseases in the earliest.Tertiary Prevention—managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop.
What is treatment of a disease?
Medical professionals use medicine, therapy, surgery, and other treatments to help lessen the symptoms and effects of a disease. Sometimes these treatments are cures — in other words, they get rid of the disease.
What is an example of disease prevention?
Examples include: regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer) daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes. suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.
What does descriptive epidemiology include?
Overview. Descriptive epidemiology describes the outbreak in terms of person, place and time. “Person” refers to socio-demographic characteristics of cases and includes variables such as age, ethnicity, sex/gender, occupation, and socioeconomic status.
What are the principles of disease prevention?
Such control measures include: (1) identifying and then reducing or eliminating infectious agents at their sources and reservoirs, (2) breaking or interfering with the routes of transmission of infectious agents, and (3) identifying susceptible populations and then reducing or eliminating their susceptibility.
What are the 5 stages of disease?
The five periods of disease (sometimes referred to as stages or phases) include the incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence periods (Figure 12.2. 1). The incubation period occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host (patient).
What are the 4 types of prevention?
These preventive stages are primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
What is primary and secondary prevention of disease?
Primary prevention involves measures to prevent the onset of disease or illness. Secondary prevention gears toward identifying the risks for disease and implementing the specified testing necessary for early detection of the disease.
What is primary prevention and secondary prevention?
Primary prevention refers to the steps taken by an individual to prevent the onset of the disease. This is achieved by maintaining a healthy lifestyle choice such as diet and exercise. Secondary prevention focuses on reducing the impact of the disease by early diagnosis prior to any critical and permanent damage.
What is a communicable disease?
Summary. A communicable disease is a disease that spreads from one person or animal to another. Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi cause these diseases. This article will discuss what communicable diseases are, their symptoms, and how to avoid them.
How does a person develop a communicable disease?
This may happen through: Once a pathogen has entered a person’s body, it will begin replicating. The individual may then begin to experience symptoms. Some symptoms are a direct result of the pathogen damaging the body’s cells.
How do communicable diseases spread?
The pathogens that cause these diseases can spread in various ways, such as through the air, contact with contaminated substances or surfaces, or from animal and insect bites.
What is the term for a disease that can be transmitted between people?
Communicable diseases can spread when people get close to each other. A communicable disease is any disease that passes between people or animals. People sometimes refer to communicable diseases as “infectious” or “transmissible” diseases. Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists, cause communicable diseases.
What is the disease that protists cause?
Parasitic protists can cause various diseases. The protist Plasmodium causes the tropical disease malaria. The parasite can pass from person to person through mosquito bites.
What happens when a pathogen enters your body?
consuming contaminated water or foods. Once a pathogen has entered a person’s body, it will begin replicating. The individual may then begin to experience symptoms. Some symptoms are a direct result of the pathogen damaging the body’s cells.
How does the immune system respond to a virus?
The immune system responds by producing antibodies capable of killing an active form of the virus in the future .
What is epidemiology in health?
According to the World Health Organization, epidemiology is the study of the spread of disease and factors affecting states of health. Generally, epidemiology doesn’t just focus on illness; it primarily studies wellness and how to maintain it. In essence, it can be considered the basic science of public health.
When was epidemiology first used?
In essence, it can be considered the basic science of public health. Epidemiology was initially coined in the mid-19th century to refer to the study of epidemics. Today, it’s applied to all factors affecting the health and wellness of a particular demographic.
What is the role of a nurse in an outbreak?
Nurses are on the front line of disease outbreaks, so they need to understand the basics of epidemiology and etiology and apply them where necessary. The journal Family Practice explores the idea of primary care epidemiology, including prevention, diagnosis, and etiology of a disease as a significant benefit to all physicians having to deal with the outbreak. Nurses may be the first responders to a disease occurrence, and determining the etiology of the disease and its method of containment as fast as possible can be crucial to avoid its spread.
What is intrinsic etiology?
Intrinsic — coming from within. Extrinsic — originating from external factors. Idiopathic — cause unknown. Etiology is not only disease specific but also person specific. While a particular cause may lead to a disease manifesting in an individual, a similar set of factors could lead to a different illness being manifested in another individual.
Is etiology the same as epidemiology?
Etiology and epidemiology cover similar approaches to the study of diseases, but they’re distinct medical terms that shouldn’t be used interchangeably. While both fields offer valuable insight into diseases and the maintenance of health, each has an area of focus. Understanding the differences between etiology vs. epidemiology and how each is applied can help shape how a nursing student deals with real-world scenarios.
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic is a complex mix of diverse epidemics within and between countries and regions of the world, and is undoubtedly the defining public-health crisis of our time. Research has deepened our understanding of how the virus replicates, manipulates, and hides in an infected person.
HIV pandemic
An estimated 38·6 (33·4–46·0) million people live with HIV-1 worldwide, while about 25 million have died already. 1 In 2005 alone, there were 4·1 million new HIV-1 infections and 2·8 million AIDS deaths.
Pathogenesis of HIV-1
The worldwide spread of HIV-1 indicates that the virus effectively counteracts innate, adapted, and intrinsic immunity. 41, 42 Despite its modest genome size (less than 10 kb) and its few genes ( figure 3 ), HIV-1 excels in taking advantage of cellular pathways while neutralising and hiding from the different components of the immune system.
Clinical management
The diagnosis of HIV-1 infection is based on the detection of specific antibodies, antigens, or both, and many commercial kits are available. Serological tests are generally used for screening. A major advance has been the availability of rapid HIV-1 antibody tests.
Drug treatment
Antiretroviral treatment is the best option for longlasting viral suppression and, subsequently, for reduction of morbidity and mortality. However, current drugs do not eradicate HIV-1 infection and lifelong treatment might be needed.
Prevention
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission has seen advances in both industrialised and resource-constrained settings. 151 – 153 Intrapartum transmission has been reduced by increasing access to interventions such as one dose of nevirapine to mother and newborn baby.
Conclusions
An important gateway to both prevention and care is knowledge of HIV-1 status. 207 Fear of knowledge of status, including stigma and discrimination, has discouraged many from seeking voluntary counselling and testing services.