Precautions
Phosphate replacement therapy with sodium phosphate should be guided primarily by serum inorganic phosphate levels and the limits imposed by the accompanying sodium (Na +) ion. Frequent monitoring of serum calcium and sodium as well as renal function is recommended.
What are the guidelines for phosphate replacement therapy with sodium phosphate?
The dose and administration IV infusion rate for sodium phosphates are dependent upon individual needs of the patient. Phosphorous serum level <0.5 mg/dL: 0.5 mmol/kg IV infused over 4-6 hr. Phosphorous serum level 0.5-1 mg/dL: 0.25 mmol/kg IV infused over 4-6 hr. Infants/children: 0.5-2 mmol/kg/day IV.
What is the dose and administration rate for sodium phosphates?
Phosphates & Water Treatment. Municipal water treatment facilities are responsible for ensuring that communities have access to potable drinking water. Facilities treat water from local waterways and aquifers to make it safe for human consumption. Water passes through a maze of pipes as it is being screened and filtered.
What is phosphates&water treatment?
Sodium Phosphates Description. Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP, 3 mmol/mL (millimoles/mL), is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, concentrated solution containing a mixture of monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate in Water for Injection. The solution is administered after dilution by the intravenous route as an electrolyte replenisher.
What is the USP for sodium phosphate?
How much phosphate should be in tap water?
In 1986, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the following recommended criteria for phosphorus: No more than 0.1 mg/L for streams that do not empty into reservoirs; no more than 0.05 mg/L for streams discharging into reservoirs; and no more than 0.024 mg/L for reservoirs.
What is phosphate used for in water treatment?
Water utilities treat drinking water by adding phosphate to prevent metal dissolution from water pipe work systems and particularly lead poisoning.
Why sodium phosphate is added in boiler water?
There are several water treatment companies which have specific programs that include phosphates for boiler water treatment. Sodium Phosphates are often used in the system to prevent this build-up. When added at correct dosage levels the phosphate will react with the calcium carbonate and form Hydroxyapetite.
Is phosphate safe in drinking water?
The EPA says “The health effects of drinking water with phosphates are not known,” while the FDA considers phosphates as a food additive to be “generally recognized as safe.” PWSA said via email that orthophosphate is both an effective anti-corrosion measure and safe to consume.
What is the acceptable level of phosphate in water ppm?
To control eutrophication, the USEPA has established a recommended limit of 0.05 mg/L for total phosphates in streams that enter lakes and 0.1 mg/L for total phosphorus in flowing waters (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).
What happens if there is too much phosphate in water?
How phosphorus affects aquatic life. If too much phosphate is present in the water, the algae and weeds will grow rapidly, may choke the waterway, and will use up large amounts of precious dissolved oxygen which happens when,in the absence of photosynthesis, the algae and plants die and are consumed by aerobic bacteria ...
How do you calculate boiler chemicals?
Equivalent weight of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) = 50. ... Calcium as CaCO3 = 100 ppm X 50 = 250 ppm. ... 250 ppm calcium as CaCO3 X 20 ppm = 100 ppm as Ca. ... Assume boiler is operating at 10 cycles of concentration with feedwater at 205 oF. ... 500,000 lbs/day X 0.0833 lbs/1000 gal = 5.0 lbs/day.More items...•
What happens if phosphate levels are too high in boiler?
When the concentration of phosphate in the boiler water is too high, phosphate will react with boiler scale forming iron and iron sodium phosphates or precipitate to form a solid phase on the hot boiler tube surfaces and elsewhere.
What chemicals you should apply on boiler feed water?
Feed Treatment ChemicalsSodiumHydroxideCalciumBicarbonate (CaCO3 + Na2CO3)MagnesiumBicarbonateMagnesiumChloride...5 more rows•Mar 20, 2015
Does phosphate increase pH in water?
Phosphates of the apatite-group are stable under neutral to alkaline pore fluid conditions. Lowering the pH and more acidic conditions at around pH 6 causes apatite-group phosphates to get decomposed the phosphate is dissolved and removed from the system according to the hydraulic conditions.
What is a good phosphate level for a healthy pond?
Around 0.05 ppmPhosphate – Around 0.05 ppm.
Who limits of phosphate in drinking water?
The amount of Phosphate found in the present study is mostly within the permissible limits prescribed by World Health Organization (1999) i.e., 1 mg/l (Table 7).
Why is sodium phosphate used in the body?
Sodium Phosphates are often used in the system to prevent this build-up. When added at correct dosage levels the phosphate will react with the calcium carbonate and form Hydroxyapetite. Hydroxyapetite is softer than other deposits and will remain in suspension as long as it is kept in circulation.
What is a phosphate scrubbing agent?
Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a scrubbing agent that can help remove these deposits. Phosphates can be fed into the system in solution with other water conditioning chemicals. There are several water treatment companies which have specific programs that include phosphates for boiler water treatment.
What pH should boiler feedwater be?
A slightly basic pH should be maintained in the boiler feedwater system. ASME suggests feed water to be kept at a pH of 8.3-10.5. Sodium phosphates help fulfill this requirement.
Why is boiler water treated?
Boiler water treatment systems are used to handle many adverse conditions which are present due to the extreme temperature and pressures of boiler systems. A couple of these conditions are scale/deposits that form on the inside walls of piping and corrosive boiler feedwater. If these adverse conditions are left untreated, this could result in:
How is hydroapetite removed from a boiler?
It can then be removed via routine blow down of the system. Deposits, or sludge, arrives from the boiler water and enters the system as suspended solids.
What is phosphate water treatment?
Phosphates & Water Treatment. Municipal water treatment facilities are responsible for ensuring that communities have access to potable drinking water. Facilities treat water from local waterways and aquifers to make it safe for human consumption. Water passes through a maze of pipes as it is being screened and filtered.
Why are phosphates important in water?
Below are several resources on water quality and the importance of phosphates in helping to ensure safe drinking water.
How much sodium is in 1 mmol of phosphate?
Calculate concomitant amount of sodium that will be administered: Each 1 mmol of phosphate contains ~1.3 mEq of sodium; if amount of sodium to be delivered is a concern (ie, sodium serum level >145 mEq/L), consider use of potassium phosphates IV to replete phosphorous level
What is the role of phosphorus in the body?
Phosphorus is involved in many biochemical functions in the body and significant metabolic and enzyme reactions in almost all organs and tissues; it exerts a modifying influence on the steady state of calcium levels , a buffering effect on acid-base equilibrium, and a primary role in the renal excretion of hydrogen ion
Can phosphorus cause hypocalcemia?
Use with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure, severe renal insufficiency and in edematous conditions with sodium retention. High concentrations of phosphorus may cause hypocalcemia and hypocalce mic tetany; monitor calcium levels.
What is the purpose of trisodium phosphate water treatment?
Trisodium phosphate water treatment usually has two functions, one is to purify and improve the water quality to meet the special requirements, the other is to add it to the treatment agents to protect water equipment from water pollution. Water treatment agent refers to the chemical reagents added in the process of water treatment in order to remove most harmful substances in the water, such as, corrosion, metal ions, dirt and microorganisms, etc., and get the required water for civil or industrial uses.
What are salts dissolved in?
There are various salts dissolved in various water systems. They exist as ions, integrants or monomolecules in dilute solutions. In supersaturated solution, crystal nucleus is formed and the growth of nucleus results in precipitation.#N#The scale can form a soluble stable complex with metal ions in water, thus avoiding the combination of metal ions and anions as scale substances. The suspended particles that form the scale are surrounded by anion or non-ionic polymer, so that they have enough and same charge. Then the particles repel each other by electrostatic interaction, thus reducing the bonding ability and stabilizing the scale particles in the state of dispersion. The doping of scale inhibitor in the formed crystal structure distorts the regular crystal structure, which can make the crystal particles not form scale on the solid surface, but suspend in flowing water.
Why are phosphorus phosphates used in water?
Phosphates are used in water systems to inhibit corrosion of water mains/plumbing ( iron, steel, galvanized, lead, copper), sequester nuisance metals in the water supply (iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium).
What is phosphate additive?
Phosphate additives are either food quality grade or certified to ANSI/NSF Standard #60 drinking water treatment as approved for use in potable drinking water. Poly-phosphates in liquid form are usually available in five to thirty gallon barrels and used in dispenser injection systems.
What is polyphosphate used for?
Polyphosphates For Hard Water Treatment . Polyphosphates have been used for many years in municipal and industrial water systems to control hard water issues in water including iron and calcium. The manufacturing usually begins with mining minerals or plant extraction.
What is phosphate salt?
The phosphate metal salt forms a protective coating of insoluble mineral scale on the inside of service lines and household plumbing as well as in commercial water applications and significantly reduces leaching of those metals.
What is the phosphorus concentration in water?
Natural waters contain a phosphorus concentration of approximately 0.02 parts per million (ppm). Phosphates will sequester metal cations so elevated phosphate levels will interfere with the coagulation process in drinking water treatment plants.
Why are inorganic phosphates important?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has concluded that inorganic phosphates as food additives are GRAS (generally recognized as safe).
What is phosphorus in water?
What it is: Phosphates are sometimes contaminants in water and sometimes beneficial additives; it all depends how and where they are encountered. Phosphates are derivatives of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), which contain phosphorus and oxygen and exist in inorganic and organic forms.
What is the phosphorus level in a stream?
In 1986, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the following recommended criteria for phosphorus: No more than 0.1 mg/L for streams that do not empty into reservoirs; no more than 0.05 mg/L for streams discharging into reservoirs; and no more than 0.024 mg/L for reservoirs.
What are the problems caused by excess phosphate?
The principal problems caused by excess phosphate are as a nutrient that, along with nitrogen/nitrates, can cause excess algal growth and eutrofication of water bodies. As the algae proliferate, they eventually die and consume dissolved oxygen in the water as they are degraded.
Why are phosphates important to DNA?
Phosphate linkages are essential components of DNA and RNA because they connect the sugar and organic bases to produce the helix structure.
What are phosphates in pool?
You have all kinds of uninvited guests in your pool every season— leaves, sweat, algae, you name it. And phosphates are no different. They are found in fertilizers, rotting leaves, skin and hair products, other pool chemicals, and even your water supply, as many municipalities add small amounts of phosphates to keep lead ...
What is a phosphate reducer?
One of the methods pool owners sometimes use is adding a product called a phosphate reducer, such as PHOSfree, which continually cleans the filter media and uses a rare earth metal to bind and remove phosphates upon use. And if you have tried everything else and feel that needs to be done, you certainly can.
What are the factors that contribute to phosphate levels in a pool?
Natural elements are significant contributors to phosphate levels in the pool. Most pool experts claim that most of the phosphates entering the pool do so by rainwater, soil or debris. While these elements do contain some phosphates, the most significant contributor is probably some of the pool chemicals you use, ...
What are the myths about phosphates?
1. Any amount of phosphates promote algae growth. While there is a lot of debate about this, most studies show that phosphate levels need to reach at least 1,000 ppb ...
Can phosphates cause algae blooms?
The short answer is maybe. See, the thing with phosphates is that they are a food source for algae and aquatic plants. And even though there are other factors besides phosphate levels that cause algae blooms, this is one of them. But some studies show that they really only affect pool algae growth at extremely high levels of 1,000 ppb ...
Do pool test strips come with phosphate?
Most pool test kits and test strips do not come with phosphate tests, but you can get a phosphate test kit for pretty cheap. However, because it takes such a long time for phosphates to build up in your pool, I always recommend taking a water sample to your local pool supply store to have it tested. Their tests are usually much more accurate and ...
Is phosphate bad for swimming pools?
First of all, phosphates in your swimming pool water are there to stay. You may as well accept it . Secondly, if you are already making your pool water uninhabitable to algae, then there is really not much concern about phosphates. Thirdly, phosphate removers can be more toxic to you than the actual phosphate.