Full Answer
How much EGCG is safe to take?
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Green tea has been studied for breast cancer chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic effects due to its high content in polyphenolic compounds, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).
What is the role of EGCG in cancer treatment?
Feb 28, 2018 · suganuma’s group found that treatment of human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines h1299 and lu99 with egcg (5 – 50 μm) for 4 h significantly increased the average value of young’s moduli from 1.24 ± 0.05 to 2.25 ± 0.11 kpa in h1299 cells, and from 1.29 ± 0.11 to 2.28 ± 0.09 kpa in lu99 cells, showing a 2-fold increase of cell stiffness ( table …
Does EGCG increase cell percentage in the G1 phase?
Mar 20, 2020 · To study the effects of EGCG and nano-EGCG on human lung cancer cells, we first determined whether EGCG or nano-EGCG at the indicated concentrations of treatments for 24, 48, and 72 hours could...
Do EGCG and green tea extract reduce cancer tumor volume?
EGCG is the most abundant and active compound in green tea. Extensive research has shown that it has significant antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, and neuroprotective properties and has therapeutic potential against various human diseases. Areas covered:
Does EGCG fight cancer?
EGCG can strongly engender apoptosis and inhibit growth in several types of cancers, including colon, kidney, breast, and brain cancers as well as leukaemia, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro research10.Mar 20, 2020
How effective is green tea for cancer?
There is no real evidence that green tea can help treat cancer. There is some evidence from early studies to suggest that having green tea might reduce the risk of some cancers.May 3, 2019
Can you drink green tea while having chemo?
Antioxidants may protect against chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Due to their antioxidant and ROS-scavenging properties, green tea polyphenols could circumvent the adverse effects of ROS and chemotherapy and enhance treatment efficacy (Table 2).Dec 14, 2016
How many mg EGCG green tea?
A single cup (8 ounces or 250 ml) of brewed green tea typically contains about 50–100 mg of EGCG. Dosages used in scientific studies are often much higher, but exact amounts have been inconsistent ( 11 , 16 ).
How much green tea do you need to prevent cancer?
Consuming over 10 cups of green tea per day (corresponding to 2.5 g green tea extract) also significantly prevented lung cancer, with a relative risk of 0.33, followed by cancers of the colorectum, liver and stomach, in that order (Imai et al., 1997; Nakachi et al., 2000).Jan 31, 2018
What is the best drink for cancer patients?
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) provides the following list of clear liquids:Bouillon.Clear, fat-free broth.Clear carbonated beverages.ConsomméApple/cranberry/grape juice.Fruit ices without fruit pieces.Fruit ices without milk.Fruit punch.More items...
What are the side effects of EGCG?
Possible side effectsliver and kidney failure.dizziness.low blood sugar.anemia.Apr 26, 2019
Who should not take green tea?
People with peptic ulcers or acid reflux should not consume green tea excessively. A 1984 study concluded that tea is a potent stimulant of gastric acid, which can be reduced by adding milk and sugar. 2.Dec 21, 2015
How do you fight chemo fatigue?
You might try to:Take it easy. Set aside time in your day to rest. ... Conserve your energy. Save your energy for your most important activities. ... Maintain your energy. ... Get moving. ... Consider integrative medicine options. ... Ask your doctor about supplements.
How much EGCG per day is safe?
A safe intake level of 338 mg EGCG/day for adults was derived from toxicological and human safety data for tea preparations ingested as a solid bolus dose. An Observed Safe Level (OSL) of 704 mg EGCG/day might be considered for tea preparations in beverage form based on human AE data.
How much EGCG is toxic?
Based on allometric scaling, the doses of EGCG observed to cause toxicity in the study (500 – 1500 mg/kg) correspond to a dose in humans of 30 – 90 mg/kg assuming a daily requirement of 12 and 2000 kcal for mice and humans, respectively (Schneider et al., 2004).Oct 31, 2009
Does EGCG cause liver damage?
Based on safety assessment of green tea products, the European Food Safety Authority recently found that green tea supplements providing more than 800 mg of EGCG per day are linked with a greater risk of liver injury. Keep in mind that this possible risk of liver injury relates to green tea EXTRACT.
What is EGCG found in?
EGCG is probably best known for its role as the major active compound in green tea. ). Though EGCG is predominantly found in green tea, it also exists in small amounts in other foods, such as ( 3 ): Fruits: cranberries, strawberries, blackberries, kiwis, cherries, pears, peaches, apples, and avocados.
What is EGCG in plant based medicine?
Formally known as epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG is a type of plant-based compound called catechin. Catechins may be further categorized into a larger group of plant compounds known as polyphenols ( 1. Trusted Source. ). EGCG and other related catechins act as potent antioxidants that may protect against cellular damage caused by free radicals ( 1.
What foods contain EGCG?
Though EGCG is predominantly found in green tea, it also exists in small amounts in other foods, such as ( 3 ): 1 Tea: green, white, oolong, and black teas 2 Fruits: cranberries, strawberries, blackberries, kiwis, cherries, pears, peaches, apples, and avocados 3 Nuts: pecans, pistachios, and hazelnuts
Is EGCG a catechin?
While EGCG is the most researched and potent catechin, other types like epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin 3-gallate may offer similar benefits. Plus, many of them are more widely available in the food supply ( 3, 4. ).
Does EGCG help with free radicals?
Eating foods high in antioxidants like catechins may help limit free radical damage. ). EGCG exists naturally in several plant-based foods but is also available as a dietary supplement usually sold in the form of an extract. EGCG is a type of plant compound called catechin.
Is EGCG found in green tea?
Summary. EGCG is most prevalent in green tea but also found in smaller quantities in other types of tea, fruit, and some nuts. Other health-promoting catechins are plentiful in red wine, dark chocolate, legumes, and most fruit.
Does EGCG help with inflammation?
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Much of EGCG’s claim to fame comes from its strong antioxidant capacity and potential to reduce stress and inflammation. Free radicals are highly reactive particles that can cause damage to your cells. Excessive free radical production leads to oxidative stress.
How does EGCG affect cell proliferation?
EGCG blocks cell cycle progression and modulates signaling pathways that affects cell proliferation and differentiation. EGCG also induces apoptosis, negatively modulates different steps involved in metastasis and targets angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF transcription.
Does green tea help with breast cancer?
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Green tea has been studied for breast cancer chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic effects due to its high content in polyphenolic compounds, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).
What is TNBC in cancer?
Abstract. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), represents a subtype of breast cancer in which the estrogens receptor (ER) negative, the progesterone receptor (PR) negative and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, are not expressed. Thusly, TNBC does not respond to hormonal therapies or to those targeting ...
What is triple negative breast cancer?
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), accounting for 15–20% of breast cancer with diagnos is, is an aggressive disorder with a poor prognosis frequently founded in African women with mutations in BCRA1 gene [ 1 ]. This tumor, classified as basal-like cancer on the basis of its morphology [ 2 ], does not express the estrogen receptor (ER), ...
Who wrote the present review?
The present review was mainly written by SB and MC. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Does green tea cause cancer?
It is largely documented that EGCG, the principal constituent of green tea, has suppressive effects on different types of cancer, including breast cancer, through the regulation of different signaling pathways.
Does EGCG inhibit TNBC?
Accumulated in vitro studies highlighted the role of EGCG in the inhibition of TNBC cells growth, through the regulation of various molecular pathways (Table 1 ). The first study on this issue was conducted by Braicu et al. on Hs578T cells. Authors showed that the galloylated flavan-3-ols, and particularly EGCG, inhibited the cell proliferation by inducing the apoptosis, due to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, flavan-3-ols showed antioxidants or pro-oxidants properties depending on the dose and the exposure time of the cell culture [ 22 ]. Particularly, it was demonstrated that EGCG reduced or increased the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) respect to controls and to others galloylated flavan-3-oils, at doses of 10 and 100 μM. In a subsequent investigation, the same authors demonstrated that EGCG (20 μM) inhibited the proliferation of Hs578T cells after 48 and 72 h of treatments, mainly by activating the apoptotic processes. By using the PCR-array technology, it has been shown that EGCG altered the expression of many genes involved in different molecular pathways (Table 1 ). EGCG downregulated the expression of several anti-apoptotic genes (insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor: IGF1R; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein: MCL1) while increased the expression of other genes (B-cell lymphoma 2: Bcl2; associated athanogene 3: BAG3; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2: RIPK2; X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis: XIAP) probably due to resistance to cancer treatment [ 23 ]. Later on, a suppressive role of EGCG on TNBC cell migration was associated with VEGF expression inhibition [ 24 ], suggesting that EGCG could be used to arrest breast tumor invasion. In a fascinating study, Braicu et al. proposed that the combination of p53 siRNA and EGCG, through the activation of apoptosis and autophagy, potentiated the antitumor effects of EGCG in Hs578T cells [ 25 ].
Can EGCG be used for TNBC?
The aforementioned results strongly indicate that EGCG can restrain the growth and the proliferation of TNBC by acting on different molecular pathways. Thus, EGCG might be viewed as an alternative treatment for TNBC patients.
Does TNBC respond to hormone therapy?
Thusly, TNBC does not respond to hormonal therapies or to those targeting the HER2 protein receptors. To overcome this flawed issue, new alternative therapies based on the use of natural substances, as the (−) - epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), has been proposed.
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea–derived polyphenol, exhibits antitumor activities. An EGCG nanoemulsion (nano-EGCG) was prepared to improve the stability and reduce the side effects of EGCG for treatment of human lung cancer cells, and the antitumor effects were studied.
Introduction
Lung cancer is established globally to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. From 1982 to 2017, in Taiwan, malignant tumors were reported to constitute the principal cause of death. A Taiwan Ministry of Health-issued statistical report revealed that lung cancer ranks first and contributes 23.1% of the standardised mortality rate.
Materials and methods
EGCG standard was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The nano-EGCG used in this study was freshly prepared. The details of the preparation procedure were described previously 21.
Results
EGCG was reported to exhibit an antiproliferative effect on lung cancer cells 16. To study the effects of EGCG and nano-EGCG on human lung cancer cells, we first determined whether EGCG or nano-EGCG at the indicated concentrations of treatments for 24, 48, and 72 hours could influence the viabilities of H1299, A549, and BEAS2B cells.
Discussion
Phytochemicals present in certain fruits, vegetables, and tea have attracted scientific attention as potential agents for cancer treatment and prevention.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated for the first time that significant inhibition of proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of human lung cancer cells modulated through the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway by low doses of nano-EGCG.
Data availability
The obtained results of the research are available on reasonable request.
What is EGCG used for?
EGCG and its derivatives could be used for the development of drugs for the treatment of cancer, as well as …. Under the current scenario, the role of EGCG as a therapeutic agent is being utilised and new approaches are being formulated to overcome the problem of stability and bioavailability of EGCG. EGCG and its derivatives could be used ...
Is EGCG a good antioxidant?
EGCG is the most abundant and active compound in green tea. Extensive research has shown that it has significant antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, and neuroprotective properties and has therapeutic potential against various human diseases.
What is the role of free radicals in the body?
Protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made by the process of oxidation during normal metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging.
What is the process of apoptosis?
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death. .”.
Is EGCG a good antioxidant?
EGCG, an antioxidant, is considered many times more potent than the Vitamin E or Vitamin C antioxidant properties. In a 1997 study, researchers from the University of Kansas determined that EGCG is twice as powerful as resveratrol, which itself is known to kill cancer cells (see the Grape Cure page). Green Tea is also theorized to be ...
Is black tea the same as green tea?
Worldwide, about 80 percent of the tea consumed is black tea. Both teas come from the same plant (Camellia sinensis). Black tea is fermented; green tea is not. Next to water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Green tea contains more polyphenols — chemicals that act as powerful antioxidants.
Does green tea help with cancer?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. required for cancer cell growth, and also kill cancer cells with no ill effects on healthy cells. (1)
How does nanotechnology help cancer?
On the other hand, nanotechnology mediated approaches to develop drugs have attracted intense attention in cancer prevention and therapy research . Nanoparticles appears to hold great promise in the field of cancer management because of its unique physicochemical properties including nanometer size, large surface area-to-mass ratio, and efficient interaction with cells [2]. Siddiqui et al envisioned that nanoparticle-mediated delivery could be useful to control the toxicity and enhance the bioavailability of the chemopreventive agents such as EGCG, and introduced the concept of “ nanochemoprevention ” [26], [49], [139], [140]. These studies demonstrated that EGCG encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited over ten-fold dose advantage for exerting its apoptotic and effects against cancer, both in vitro and in vivo [26], [49]. In breast cancer, EGCG-Ptx-PLGA-Casein-NPs induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells through inhibiting NF-κB activation [141]. EGCG-LDH nanohybrids induce apoptosis within over 5-fold dose advantages in vitro compared to EGCG alone in prostate PC-3 cancer cells [142]. Similarly in PC-3, EGCG-PLA-PEG-NPs enhance bioavailability and limited unwanted toxicity of EGCG within 10-fold dose advantage [13] and induce apoptosis within remarkably significant increase in pro-apoptotic Bax with a concomitant decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 ( Fig. 5 ), increase in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and marked induction of p21 and p27 [26]. In vivo oral administration of EGCG-CS-NPs induces apoptosis in 22Rν1 prostate cancer cells increasing in Bax expression with a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2 and activation of caspases [143]. Another study demonstrated apoptosis induction (Bax, PARP) in tumors harvested from the treated mice within 8-fold dose advantage of nanoformulation over native EGCG [144]. EGCG and HDHA-DOX-NPs combination induces apoptosis in Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) whereas EGCG enhances the anticancer activities of HDHA-NPs significantly increasing the mean survival time of the animals [145]. In vitro treatment of 20 μM of EGCG-PLGA-PEG-DCL-NPs or EGCG-PLGA-PEG-AG-NPs into PC-3, LNCaP and DU-145 prostate cancer cells induces apoptosis upregulating Bax, DR5, and P27 and decreasing Bcl2 and survivin [89].
What is cancer in the body?
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body [1]. It is one of the major ailment effecting humankind and remains as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, for instance, above 10 million new patients are diagnosed with cancer every year and over 6 million deaths are associated with it representing roughly 12% of worldwide deaths [2]. Almost fifteen million new cancer cases are thought to be diagnosed by year 2020 [2], [3] which is anticipated to be potentially increase to over 20 million by 2025 [2], [4]. It is also anticipated that the growth and aging of the population might be increase the new cancer cases to 21.7 million within about 13 million cancer deaths by the year 2030 [5]. The development of cancer is a multifactorial process [6] which can be caused by external factors such as infectious organisms, environmental pollutants, tobacco and an unhealthy diet or internal factors such as hormones, inherited genetic mutations and immune conditions may act together or singular to cause the incipience of cancer [7]. Since cancer is associated with such high morbidity and mortality worldwide, there is an urgent need to determine ways of management of this ailment where the current treatment modalities are mainly surgery, radiation based therapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy and/or hormonal therapy [2]. Natural products, especially those derived from plants, have been used to help mankind sustain its health since the dawn of medicine [8]. Nowadays, just like in ancient times, natural compounds are still determining factors in remedies [9].
Does EGCG cause apoptosis?
Several studies have stated that EGCG and its combinations have induced apoptosis in a variety of cancers . EGCG as a green tea polyphenol (GTP) or combined with different natural molecules have been employed to induce apoptosis in different cancers. The general idea is that combination of two or more agents could target more pathways and thus will be more effective to increase the stability of the agent and reduce toxicity to simultaneously exhibit higher therapeutic outcome. Various studies found that EGCG synergistically induced cancer cells apoptosis in vitro and in vivo through different apoptotic signaling, upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibition of anti-apoptotic proteins when combined with other natural molecules, such as vitexin-2-O-xyloside and raphasatin [46], curcumin [125], N -acetylcysteine (NAC) [126], pterostilbene [36], tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) [74], quercetin [33], whole green tea polyphenols (GTPs) [127], eicosapentaenoic acid-free fatty acid (EPA-FFA) and grape seed [GS] extract [128], 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) [37], sodium butyrate (NaB) [43] and [6]-Gingerol and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) [30].
Does quercetin increase apoptosis?
Studies observed that natural small molecules, such as quercetin, can increase the bioavailability of EGCG in rats and human [129]enhancing apoptosis induced against cancer cells due to EGCG treatment, such as in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells [33].
Does EGCG inhibit cell proliferation?
On the other hand, EGCG and curcumin combination inhibits cell proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo in lung A549 and NCI-H460 cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G1 and S/G2 phases via downregulating cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 [45] while same combination induces cell cycle arrest at both S and G2/M phases via upregulating p21 protein level in PC-3 prostate cancer cells [135]. EGCG, vitexin-2-O-xyloside and raphasatin mixture induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast, Caco-2 and LoVo colorectal cancer cells [46]. EGCG and pterostilbene combination has antiproliferative effects in vitro as a cell cycle arrest induction in pancreatic PANC-1 and MIA-Pa-Ca-2 cancer cells [36]. Similarly, EGCG and panaxadiol mixture inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest in both HCT-116 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells [35]. EGCG, EPA-FFA and GS combination blocks cell cycle in G0/G1 in both HCT-116 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells [128]. EGCG and NaB combination treatment induces G2/M cell cycle arrest through decreasing survivin in HCT-116, HT-29 and RKO colorectal cancer cells [43]. Furthermore, EGCG inhibit cell proliferation via induction of cell cycle arrest and attenuate spheroid formation in colorectal HCT-116 CSCs [37].
Is chemo prevention effective?
Chemoprevention, also defined as ‘‘slowing the process of carcinogenesis’’ concept appears to be a viable option for cancer control. To be effective, chemopreventive intervention should be addressed during the early stages of the carcinogenesis process. A plethora of experimental evidences suggest that both dietary and lifestyle factors act by balancing promotion/prevention of chronic inflammation and/or oxidative stress, sometime leading alterations associated with cancer initiation. Within the chemopreventive armamentarium, the use of natural agents from dietary sources is generally preferred with respect to bioactive molecules deriving from other sources. Many of these natural occurring agents demonstrated antioxidant activity, and compounds belonging to polyphenols chemical class may play a promising role for cancer prevention. Epidemiological studies conducted in humans support the existence of an association between natural polyphenols consumption and a reduced cancer risk. In the last decade, a representative member of polyphenols, i.e. EGCG, has been the focus of a number of studies scrutinizing its beneficial effects on health. Therefore, consumption of green tea has become more and more popular in the world due to its versatile health benefits [29]. Moreover, interesting preclinical evidence and encouraging initial clinical trials have been obtained testing EGCG as chemopreventive agent. However, despite its beneficial therapeutic potential, EGCG presents important pharmacokinetics problems, due to inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability. In order to improve the poor systemic bioavailability and cellular uptake of EGCG, various strategies have been adopted, which include combination therapy or polytherapy that consumes EGCG with one or more medications. In particular, nanotechnology approaches could help overcome pharmacokinetics issues of EGCG by controlling its toxicity and enhancing its bioavailability to introduce the concept of “ nanochemoprevention ” [26], [49], [139], [140]. In addition, recent studies conducted implying both EGCG and CSCs to found that EGCG induces multiple of anticancer effects in CSCs and enhances the chemo-sensitivity of chemo-drugs in CSCs.
Is EGCG a polyphenol?
In the last decade, a representative member of polyphenols, i.e. EGCG, has been the focus of a number of studies scrutinizing its beneficial effects on health.
