A newly approved three-drug treatment for tuberculosis will be available in 150 countries including India and South Africa, priced at $1,040 for a complete regimen, more than twice the cost proposed in the past by advocacy groups for other treatments.
How much does it cost to cure tuberculosis in developing countries?
Tuberculosis in Developing Countries. The estimated cost of treatment per patient in developing countries, in 1986 U.S. dollars, is $123 for standard 12-month chemotherapy and $168 for short-course chemotherapy. However, the cost per patient cured is $368 for standard 12-month chemotherapy and $314 for short-course.
How many cases of tuberculosis (TB) are there in developing countries?
Based on these estimates and the observed ARIs from different regions of the world, greater than 3,000,000 new cases of smear-positive TB occur annually in developing countries (Table 1, page 567).
How much did the world spend on TB in 2020?
Spending in 2020 amounted to US$ 5.3 billion less than half (41%) of the global target. There was an 8.7% decline in spending between 2019 and 2020 (from US$ 5.8 billion to US$ 5.3 billion), with TB funding in 2020 back to the level of 2016.
How much is needed to end tuberculosis by 2022?
By 2022, US$ 13 billion is needed annually for TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care to achieve the global target agreed at the UN high level-meeting on TB in 2018. Funding in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that account for 98% of reported TB cases falls far short of what is needed.
How much it cost for the treat of tuberculosis?
The overall estimated total costs incurred right from the onset of symptoms until treatment completion was found to be Rs. 3211 (3.8% of annual family income) under DOTS program, which is less compared to previous studies. The overall mean total cost was significantly high among male (Rs. 3270; ), employed (Rs.
Is tuberculosis common in poor countries?
TB is more common in countries where many people live in absolute poverty because people are more likely to: live and work in poorly ventilated and overcrowded conditions, which provide ideal conditions for TB bacteria to spread. suffer from malnutrition and disease – particularly HIV – which reduces resistance to TB.
Is tuberculosis medication expensive?
A full 20-month treatment course for one person through GDF can cost between $8,000 and $12,000, depending on the length of treatment and the other drugs in the treatment regimen. The high price keeps treatment from being scaled up as needed.
How much does TB treatment cost in India?
"The mean treatment cost was Rs 4.8 lakh, but it ranged from Rs 1.3 lakh to Rs 25 lakh over two years," said the paper's co-author Dr Jai Mullerpattan. The cost ran into tens of lakhs for some patients who needed specialized interventions like brain surgery as and extended ICU stay.
Is tuberculosis caused by poverty?
Poverty facilitates the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily through 1) its influence on living conditions, such as people living in overcrowded and poorly ventilated homes, 2) prolonged diagnostic delay and 3) increased vulnerability due to malnutrition and/or HIV infection 2, 3.
Is TB caused by poverty?
Poverty and TB are closely linked. As an airborne disease TB can affect anyone, anywhere. But people with weak immune systems are most susceptible. It is much more prevalent in poor communities where people often live in crowded, unventilated housing, with little access to health services.
How much does TB treatment cost in South Africa?
The price per pack will drop to R1 200 in June 2020. With a standard dosage of 200mg per day taken for 24 weeks, a six-month course comprises 14 packs at a total price of around R19 800 per patient (around $1 330). This is significantly lower than the GDF list price of $1 700.
Is TB treatment Free in USA?
The department will only pay for services relevant to the treatment of tuberculosis. Payment for services above the normal treatment requirements for tuberculosis will be the responsibility of the patient and/or provider.
Is TB treatment free in Philippines?
TB is curable and treatment is free in public health facilities nationwide.
Is TB treatment free in Nepal?
Treatment of TB is free of cost by Government of Nepal.
Is tuberculosis medicine free in India?
Free treatment services are available for TB at all Government hospitals, Community Health Centers (CHC), Primary Health Centers (PHCs). DOT centers have been established near to residence of patients to the extent possible. All public heatlh facilties, subs centres, Community Volunteers, ASHA, Women Self Groups etc.
Is TB treatment covered by insurance?
Several insurance companies will offer cover for tuberculosis and allow online applications for the disease. Individuals can avail of TB insurance cover from the following providers. People with a very weak immune system and elders are more prone to acquire tuberculosis infection.
Where is tuberculosis most common?
Most of the people who fall ill with TB live in low- and middle-income countries, but TB is present all over the world. About half of all people with TB can be found in 8 countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa.
Why is TB found in developing countries?
TB occurs more frequently among low-income people living in overcrowded areas and persons with little schooling (11). Poverty may result in poor nutrition which may be associated with alterations in immune function.
Why is tuberculosis most common in Africa?
The unprecedented growth of the tuberculosis epidemic in Africa is attributable to several factors, the most important being the HIV epidemic. Although HIV is Africa's leading cause of death, tuberculosis is the most common coexisting condition in people who die from AIDS (see radiograph).
Why is TB so prevalent in India?
In India, pollution is widespread throughout the country. Pollution causes many effects in the air that people breathe, and since TB can be passed from person to person through the air, the chances of catching TB remain high in many parts of India.
Why are there no cure rates for TB?
Despite the availability of anti-TB drugs, TB treatment programs in most developing countries have not succeeded because of poor patient compliance with therapy, emergence of drug-resistant organisms, and failure to carefully control drug supplies and therapy. Cure rates in developing countries are frequently less than 50%; however, cure rates of greater than 90% can be achieved when short-course chemotherapy regimens are given under supervision (7). A major obstacle to the more widespread use of these short-course treatment regimens is the higher cost of the drugs, especially rifampin and pyrazinamids. Cost-Effectiveness
How many people die from TB without chemo?
Without appropriate chemotherapy, the death rate from TB is approximately 50% (4) . For persons enrolled in a typical national treatment program and treated with isoniazid, thiacetazone, and/or streptomycin, the death rate is approximately 20% (1). Based on these rates and estimates of the number of cases that remain undetected and untreated and the number that are detected and treated with standard chemotherapy regimens (World Health Organization (WHO), unpublished data), the estimated annual number of deaths from TB in the developing world is greater than 2,500,000 (Table 3), or approximately 6.7% of all deaths (5) and, among persons 15-59 years of age, 18.5% of deaths and 26% of preventable deaths (6). Prevention and Control
How much does chemotherapy cost?
However, the cost per patient cured is $368 for standard 12-month chemotherapy and $314 for short-course. For standard 12-month chemotherapy, the estimated cost per death averted is $569 for standard therapy and $514 for short-course therapy.
What is the importance of clusters of certain diseases in the developing world?
Since 1988, The World Bank has supported a series of studies ("Health Sector Priorities Review") on the public health importance of clusters of certain diseases in the developing world and on the costs and effectiveness of technologies for prevention and management of these diseases. Since the 1940s, the number of cases and deaths from tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing in most developed countries; in developing countries, however, TB remains a major problem. This report summarizes findings of The World Bank's evaluation of TB in developing countries (1).
Is TB a public health problem?
Recent findings indicate a marked increase in TB cases caused by an interaction of TB with HIV (10). The combination of the enormous public health burden, the existence of cost-effective interventions, and the demonstrated interaction between tuberculous and HIV infections make TB a high priority for action and research in international health. WHO and The World Bank, with assistance from IUATLD, CDC, and other organizations, are reassessing their approaches to the prevention and control of TB. Additionally, the International Task Force for Disease Eradication has recognized the public health burden of TB and has identified two requirements for reducing this burden: 1) improved diagnostic tests, chemotherapy, and vaccine; and 2) wider application of current therapy (11).
Can TB be prevented by chemo?
Although clinical TB can be secondarily prevented by treating persons with laten t tuberculous infection, mass chemoprop hylaxis of all such persons cannot be efficiently or economically accomplished. However, selective treatment of high-risk groups (e.g., close family contacts of smear-positive sources) may be feasible.
Is tuberculosis a problem in developing countries?
Since the 1940s, the number of cases and deaths from tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing in most developed countries; in developing countries, however, TB remains a major problem. This report summarizes findings of The World Bank's evaluation of TB in developing countries (1). Because reporting of cases and deaths in developing countries is ...
How much does it cost to treat TB?
In the United States the average cost of treating and managing a TB case was $34,600 in 2015. The average cost of treating a case of MDR TB was given as $110,900. 3A systematic synthesis of direct costs to treat and manage tuberculosis disease applied to California, 2015, BMC Research Notes, 2017; 10:434 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577675/ Another paper gave the cost of treating a patient with MDR TB as $53,300 and $164,000 for a patient with XDR TB. This was just for the direct costs. 4Treatment Practices, Outcomes, and Costs of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis, United States, 2005-2007, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 20, Number 5 - May 2014, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/5/13-1037_article
Do people with TB need to eat?
Many patients with TB are counselled that they should have a healthy diet. In low and middle income countries this may be particularly difficult with patients struggling to get enough food to eat. There is more about TB & Food.
Is TB free in South Africa?
In South Africa both the diagnosis and treatment of drug sensitive and drug resistant TB is free for the patient. However, patients incur substantial costs accessing health services, with the poorest patients incurring the highest costs.
Do you have to pay for TB treatment?
So usually the patient will not have to pay for the direct costs of their TB treatment. Treatment for drug resistant TB is usually only available from a government approved centre.
Is TB treatment free in India?
Many people believe that TB treatment in India is only free if the drugs are obtained from an NTEP government health centre. But with the aim of eliminating TB in India, the government has arranged for private practioners to be paid for the TB treatment that they provide. So usually the patient will not have to pay for the direct costs ...
Which countries have the most TB cases in 2020?
Eight countries accounted for two thirds of the new TB cases: India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa .
Which countries have the highest TB burden?
In 2019, the 30 high TB burden countries accounted for 87% of new TB cases. Eight countries account for two thirds of the total, with India leading the count, followed by Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.
What is MDR TB?
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most effective first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.
What percentage of TB cases fall short of what is needed?
Investments in TB prevention, diagnosis and care for tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) accounting for 98% of reported TB cases, fall far short of what is needed. Less than half (41%) of the global TB funding target is available, leaving a US$ 7.7 funding gap in 2020 to achieve global targets.
What are the symptoms of TB in the lung?
Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. WHO recommends the use of rapid molecular diagnostic tests as the initial diagnostic test in all persons with signs and symptoms of TB as they have high diagnostic accuracy and will lead to major improvements in the early detection of TB and drug-resistant TB. Rapid tests recommended by WHO are the Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert Ultra and Truenat assays.
How many lives have been saved from TB?
An estimated 60 million lives were saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2019. Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs.
How much is TB funding in 2020?
Spending in 2020 amounted to US$ 5.3 billion less than half (41%) of the global target.
How many people died from TB in 2018?
Mycobacterium tuberculosisis the most lethal infectious organism worldwide.1In 2018, an estimated 10 million individuals worldwide developed TB and 1.2 million people died from the disease. India accounts for 27% of the world’s TB cases. Historically, India’s government healthcare expenditure has been around 1% of its gross domestic product (GDP).2,3The World Bank estimated in 2015 that 176 million Indians (13.4% of the population) continue to subsist on daily incomes less than US$1.90 per day.4In India, TB is four times more prevalent in the bottom socio-economic quintile than in the top quintile, and 21.3% of Indian people living with TB (PLWTB) need distress financing—defined as taking loans, selling assets, or receiving contributions from friends and relatives for health care-related expenses—due to high out-of-pocket (OOP) costs.5,6
What is the NTEP for TB?
The Indian government’s National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) offers free TB diagnosis and medical care .2Nevertheless, the private sector remains an important source of TB care: the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015–2016) found that 38.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 36.5–41.1) of PLWTB sought care from outside the public sector.7This rate may be higher in some parts of the country; studies from the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka reported that 65–70% of PLWTB treated in the public sector initially sought care in the private sector.8,9A model based on drug sales data from 2013 to 2016 found variation between states, but nationally 64% of patients were treated in the private sector.10
Is India expanding its health insurance?
India is expanding government-funded health insurance for the most impoverished, but enrollment has been incomplete and Indians—particularly those in the bottom economic quintile—continue to face high OOP costs for health care.11,12Although the government’s Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojanaprovides limited insurance for inpatient therapy for some of the most economically vulnerable Indians, outpatient evaluations and therapy are not covered, and reimbursement for TB-related hospitalizations is poor.7Furthermore, enrollment rates remain low, and the national insurance is not universally accepted by private Indian hospitals.11,12