How do you calculate the number of differences between treatments?
There are k = (a) (a-1)/2 possible pairs where a = the number of treatments. In this example, a= 4, so there are 4 (4-1)/2 = 6 pairwise differences to consider. To start, we must select a value for alpha (α), the confidence level. We will select α = 0.05.
Which treatment means are significantly different from each other?
This method answers the question: "Which treatment means are significantly different from each other?" Bonferroni's method provides a pairwise comparison of the means. To determine which means are significantly different, we must compare all pairs. There are k = (a) (a-1)/2 possible pairs where a = the number of treatments.
Is there a single treatment that is appropriate for everyone?
No single treatment is appropriate for everyone. Treatment varies depending on the type of drug and the characteristics of the patients.
How do you compare multiple process means (treatments)?
This month's newsletter will examine one method of comparing multiple process means (treatments). The method we will use is called Bonferroni's method. We will build on the analysis we started last month using ANOVA. Quite often, you will want to test a single factor at various treatments.
What are 3 different forms of treatment?
A Guide to Different Types of TherapyPsychodynamic.Behavioral.CBT.Humanistic.Choosing.
What are the different treatment types?
This article will provide an overview of the different types of therapy available.Cognitive-behavioral therapy. ... Dialectical behavior therapy. ... Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. ... Exposure therapy. ... Interpersonal therapy. ... Mentalization-based therapy. ... Psychodynamic therapy. ... Animal-assisted therapy.More items...•
What are the four stages of treatment?
Various models exist describing the overall phases of treatment, but most have elements in common. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes four stages of treatment: initiation, early abstinence, maintenance of abstinence, and advanced recovery.
How many principles of effective treatment are there?
The Principles of Effective Addiction Treatment Here are 13 principles of addiction treatment that have been crucial to the success of the process. No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals – Individual problems require individual solutions.
How many different therapies are there?
There are more than fifty types of therapeutic approaches. Yet, only a few of them are common.
What are two types of treatments?
Types of Treatment MethodsTargeted Therapies: A targeted therapy is designed to treat only the cancer cells and minimize damage to normal, healthy cells. ... Chemotherapy: ... Surgery: ... Radiation Therapies: ... Biological Therapy: ... Hormonal Therapy:
What are the five stages of treatment?
Motivation for Recovery: Moving Through the 5 Stages of ChangeStage One: Precontemplation.Stage Two: Contemplation.Stage Three: Preparation.Stage Four: Action.Stage Five: Maintenance/Recovery.Addiction recovery that's built to last.
What are stages of treatment?
Stage-Matched Care. Developed from the Trans-theoretical Model of Change1, the Stage of Change model includes five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
What is the treatment model?
The model proposes that the manner in which an individual views, appraises, or perceives events around himself/ herself is what dictates their subsequent emotional responses and behavioral choices.
What are the principles of treatment?
1. Reduce the effect of the disease: Medicines are provided to reduce the pain or bring down the fever. In other words, symptomatical treatment may help to reduce the impact of a disease, but it might not outright cure it.
What makes a treatment effective?
3. Effective Treatment Attends to Multiple Needs of the Individual, not just his or her drug use: To be effective, treatment must address the individual's drug use and any associated medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal problems.
What are the 12 principles for effective drug treatment?
An effective treatment program will address all a person's needs, not just his/her addiction....Effective Treatment Programs Yield Beyond Successful ResultsStop drug and alcohol use and consumption.Remain completely free of drugs and alcohol.Thrive productively at work, in society, and with his/her family.
What Are the Different Therapy Modalities?
Different types of therapy use a variety of modalities to treat clients. Modalities are essentially the tools a therapist or coach uses to help individuals reach their goals. The theoretical framework or approach often determines which modalities are appropriate.
4 Popular Types of Psychotherapy
There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, but four of the most popular include the following:
4 Group Therapy Modalities
Group therapy provides a great opportunity for people experiencing similar issues to join together to resolve them. Some of these issues may include relationship problems, medical issues, depression, anxiety, anger, trauma, addiction, and life transitions.
Treating Depression and Anxiety
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health issue in the United States, affecting 40 million adults (18.1% of the population) each year (Anxiety and Depression Association of America, n.d.).
Types of Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral therapy focuses on the role of learning in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors. It is a term used to describe a range of techniques that reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted ones (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). The premise is that if old learning led to the development of a problem, new learning can fix it.
4 Types for Couples Therapy
Couples therapy offers a powerful tool for increasing intimacy, improving communication, and building trust.
For Treating Trauma
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tends to be a chronic condition associated with debilitating physical illness such as heart disease, type II diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, premature aging, and a greater likelihood of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (Goldstein et al., 2016).
Comparing Multiple Treatments
Quite often, you will want to test a single factor at various treatments. For example, you might want to test the yield of four different wheat varieties. The single factor is wheat and there are four different treatments (varieties). We will continue with the example we used last month.
Confidence Intervals
Part of the output from the SPC for Excel program using Bonferroni's method to analyze this data is shown below. This table includes the confidence intervals for each difference in means. These are determined simply by adding and subtracting the critical value from the difference in the treatment means.
Conclusion
This analysis has shown that there are significant difference between all treatment means. The ANOVA analysis last month showed that there was a significant difference between at least two of the means. The analysis this month shows that all treatment means are different. Bonferroni's method is one way of doing this.
Summary
This month’s newsletter demonstrated how Bonferroni's method can be used to compare multiple means. It answers the question which pair of means are significantly different from each other. The family wise error rate is divided equally over the paired averages.
Quick Links
Thanks so much for reading our publication. We hope you find it informative and useful. Happy charting and may the data always support your position.
How to implement alternating treatment?
To implement an alternating treatments design, begin as usual with a brief baseline, simply to ensure that the client actually needs intervention to eat those foods. You then alternate meals back and forth between the two different treatments that you want to evaluate.
What is simultaneous treatment?
The same is true for simultaneous-treatment designs; a design that is appropriate for situations where one wishes to evaluate the concurrent or simultaneous application of two or more treatments in a single case. Rapid or random alteration of treatment is not required with simultaneous-treatment design.
How many alterations are required for ATD?
ATD requires a minimum of two alterations per data series.
What is Snyder and Shaw's methodology?
Snyder & Shaw (this volume) provide a substantive discussion of the use of single-case experimental designs (also referred to as “small-n designs”) to answer an assortment of questions about sexuality. Nonetheless, we believe that the use of single-case experimental methodology to answer questions regarding childhood sexuality is of sufficient importance to warrant some discussion here.
What is single case design?
Although usually labeled a quasi-experimental time-series design, single-case research designs are described in this article as a separate form of research design (formerly termed single-subject or N = 1 research) that have a long and influential history in psychology and education (e.g., Kratochwill, 1978; Levin et al., 2003) and can serve as an alternative to using large, aggregate group designs ( Shadish and Rindskopf, 2007 ). Single-case research designs bear similarly to time-series design and have often been regarded as quasi-experimental because they usually do not (but could) include randomization in the experiment. In the single-case design, replication is scheduled to help rule out various threats to validity. Single-case designs can involve a single participant or group as the unit but differ from repeated measures and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) designs because multiple observations are taken over a long period of time within a design structure of replication and/or randomization of the conditions of the experiment.
Is alternation a replication?
In a sense, each alternation is a replication and conclusions from all time-series designs can be stated with more confidence with each consistent replication. When planning alternations, the clinician should be alert to the duration, after presentation, of a component's effect.
Can two conditions change in opposite directions?
For example, when a strong reinforcer is delivered after a weak reinforcer, the weak reinforcer can subsequently cease to reinforce the desired behavior at all while the other reinforcer has a strong effect.
Why is it so hard to make decisions when facing a new diagnosis?
Making decisions can be very difficult as you navigate the healthcare system, especially when you need to choose between several treatment options.
Why do doctors reach out to colleagues?
Some doctors, as a practice, will reach out to colleagues for opinions on their patients, especially when a colleague has experience particular to a patient’s disease. New treatments are appearing very rapidly and a doctor’s experience in complex situations matters because not all doctors have such experience.
What is a second opinion?
A second opinion has the potential to provide your treatment team with the opportunity to consult with a leading specialist in their field. They are not just for life-threatening diagnoses, such as cancer or heart disease.
Why do people need treatment plans?
Treatment plans can also be applied to help individuals work through addictions, relationship problems, or other emotional concerns. While treatment plans can prove beneficial for a variety of individuals, they may be most likely to be used when the person in therapy is using insurance to cover their therapy fee.
Why are treatment plans important?
Treatment plans are important for mental health care for a number of reasons: Treatment plans can provide a guide to how services may best be delivered. Professionals who do not rely on treatment plans may be at risk for fraud, waste, and abuse, and they could potentially cause harm to people in therapy.
What is a mental health treatment plan?
Mental health treatment plans are versatile, multi-faceted documents that allow mental health care practitioners and those they are treating to design and monitor therapeutic treatment. These plans are typically used by psychiatrists, psychologists, professional counselors, therapists, and social workers in most levels of care.
Do you need a treatment plan for a 3rd party?
Treatment plans are required if you accept 3rd party reimbursement and are just good practice. They are a road map to treatment. They are fluid and are developed with the client/patient. Pretty much necessary if you are doing your job as a therapist.
Do MCOs require treatment plans?
Some commercial insurances and most managed care organizations (MCOs) require that treatment plans be completed for every person in treatment. MCOs offer specific guidelines regarding what should go into a treatment plan and how frequently plans should be updated and reviewed.
What is empirically supported treatment?
What are empirically supported treatments (EST)? It is assumed by most who would hear this term, that these treatments are based on rigorous empirical support. However, in reality the term has been defined to restrict evidence of efficacy to studies that have applied a RCT methodology. Accordingly, it is assumed that only this methodology will allow one to construct causal chains by which treatment can be seen to produce change. This is an overstatement of the value of RCTs as applied to psychotherapy research and an understatement of the role of other scientific methods to determine causal chains. However, while RCTs have provided clinical psychology with the assurance that psychotherapy works and is better than nothing, a reliance on this one methodology introduces limitations in clinical decision making ( Beutler & Forrester, 2014 ). In reality, the use of RCTs in psychotherapy have had to be modified to eliminate many of advantages of randomization. For example, in pharmacological research, neither the patient nor the clinician is aware of the treatment being offered. This kind of control is necessary to preserve the value of the randomization process. But, in psychotherapy, it is impossible for the principle participants to be blind to the treatment used. Likewise, in pharmacological research, each element of the treatment can be randomized, but in psychotherapy where the treatment is embodied within the persons giving and receiving it, the task of randomization is out of the question. Can one randomly assign therapists to different belief systems? Is culture a random event? Are preferences capable of being randomized across samples of patients and therapists? Yet all of these factors are embedded in the participants within psychotherapy and constitute aspects of the “treatment”. Clearly, not all—and maybe not even many--aspects of treatment can be randomly assigned to therapists and patients.
What are the four epochs of integrative psychotherapy?
These epochs began with the search for common healing factors (Epoch #1) and then progressed to the exploration of tailoring the use of patient specific procedures or “technical eclecticism” (Epoch #2). The third epoch saw the introduction of integration/eclecticism as a formal school ( Lazurus, 1967 ), and in turn, the differentiation of eclecticism and integrationism. With these changes, there was a return to “schools” (Epoch #4) with a focus on finding evidence based treatments that reliably produced change. It is during this epoch of change, that the field of integrative psychotherapy has achieved a degree of formality as a distinct approach, as interest in it has been shown to be durable and stable.
What is the second step in the STS system?
The second step in the process of developing the STS system was to identify common and specific characteristics of treatment whose effects are moderated by patient qualities. This step included the initial efforts to identify and measure distinguishing and resulted in the development of profiles that distinguished among treatments and sub-types of Cognitive Therapy. In addition to treatment factors that emerged in the literature reviews (e.g., Beutler et al., 2000, Castonguay and Beutler, 2006 ), efforts to define characteristics of treatment that distinguish different models of treastment, we also sought to develop treatment profiles.
When did psychotherapy start?
Psychotherapy research has an extensive history that extends to the early 1900's. And through most of this history, eclectic and integrative approaches have been part of the scene. Even the early common factors approach to psychotherapy has been touted as an integrated approach to psychotherapy.
Is selecting the most appropriate treatment for each patient a nebulous and unreliable task?
However, selecting the most appropriate treatment for each patient can be a nebulous and unreliable task, varying by the clinician's biases and theoretical training and with uncertain or unmeasured results. There are different ways to identify and select a particular treatment course.
Do psychotherapists have equivalent effects?
Most psychotherapies obtain equivalent effects to one another; diagnostic groupings account for little of the change, and therapist and patient differences, independently of treatment, still account for most of the changes observed ( Norcross, 2011 ).
Comparing Multiple Treatments
Bonferroni's Method
- This method answers the question: "Which treatment means are significantly different from each other?" Bonferroni's method provides a pairwise comparison of the means. To determine which means are significantly different, we must compare all pairs. There are k = (a) (a-1)/2 possible pairs where a = the number of treatments. In this example, a= 4, so there are 4(4-1)/2 = 6 pairwis…
Confidence Intervals
- Part of the output from the SPC for Excel program using Bonferroni's method to analyze this data is shown below. This table includes the confidence intervals for each difference in means. These are determined simply by adding and subtracting the critical value from the difference in the treatment means. As long as the confidence interval does not contain 0, there is significant diffe…
Conclusion
- This analysis has shown that there are significant difference between all treatment means. The ANOVA analysis last month showed that there was a significant difference between at least two of the means. The analysis this month shows that all treatment means are different. Bonferroni's method is one way of doing this. This method spreads the value of α evenly across all pairs of tr…
Summary
- This month’s newsletter demonstrated how Bonferroni's method can be used to compare multiple means. It answers the question which pair of means are significantly different from each other. The family wise error rate is divided equally over the paired averages. Confidence intervals are used to determine if there is a significant difference between the pair of means.