How long does brodifacoum stay in your system?
Brodifacoum has an especially long half-life in the body, which ranges to several months, requiring prolonged treatment with antidotal vitamin K for both human and pet poisonings. It has one of the highest risks of secondary poisoning to both mammals and birds.
What is brodifacoum used for?
?) Brodifacoum is a highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison. In recent years, it has become one of the world's most widely used pesticides. It is typically used as a rodenticide, but is also used to control larger pests such as possum.
What are the treatment options for brodifacoum poisoning?
Brodifacoum poisoning is treated with vitamin K 1, but the treatment duration is variable, and thus management of the condition is challenging.
What is the percentage of brodifacoum?
Brodifacoum has been marketed in several countries for the control of a wide range of rodent pest species. It is available as a 0.005% pellet for rat and mouse control, a smaller 0.001% pellet for field rodent control, and as 29 g wax blocks for sewer rat control.
What is the half-life of brodifacoum?
Brodifacoum, a second-generation product, showed a plasma elimination half-life of 91.7 days.
How is brodifacoum treated?
Brodifacoum poisoning is treated with vitamin K1, but the treatment duration is variable, and thus management of the condition is challenging. Case reports indicate that the brodifacoum elimination half-life ranges from 16 to 62 days.
Is there an antidote for brodifacoum?
Treatment. The primary antidote to brodifacoum poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (dosage for humans: initially slow intravenous injections of 10–25 mg repeated at 3–6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose").
What does brodifacoum do to dogs?
Brodifacoum exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting the production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. This results in an impaired ability of the blood to form clots and ultimately causes bleeding in the poisoned animal.
How long does brodifacoum take to work?
Time to death varies between species: rodents will usually die within 4-8 days of their first feed of bait, whereas possums can take 10-20 days to die. Who uses it and why? Brodifacoum is used by pest control professionals, farmers, community groups and landowners.
How long does brodifacoum stay in the body?
Brodifacoum is a long-acting vitamin K antagonist, with a prolonged terminal half-life of 16 to 36 days (Arepally & Ortel, 2019).
Does brodifacoum break down?
Initially, most of the bromadiolone is broken down and leaves the body. In studies with rats for example, 89% of the dose left the body within 4 days.
Is brodifacoum a good rat poison?
Brodifacoum is a tried-and-tested tool for eradication of rodents, and has been used on islands with human populations (e.g. Fregate, Laucala and Denis islands). The Island Eradication Advisory Group (worldwide eradication advisors) confirm that brodifacoum is the most efficient poison for rodent eradications.
How much brodifacoum is lethal to a dog?
of practitioners the possibility of accidental brodifacoum poisoning, despite the relatively high median lethal dose of 24 g of bait per kg of bodyweight for the dog.
Can a dog survive bromadiolone?
Since bromadiolone is highly toxic, an exposed dog can begin to show signs of toxicity in a just few days. There is an antidote, however, but time is of the essence in treating bromadiolone poisoning before it becomes fatal.
Are rats resistant to brodifacoum?
Rats do not normally die quicker from brodifacoum poisoning than from warfarin poisoning, but a lethal dose can be ingested after one feed. Nevertheless, rats showing some degree of resistance to brodifacoum have been found, although this is not thought to be of practical importance.
Does brodifacoum dissolve in water?
Not soluble in water and binds strongly to soils – making it almost immobile.
How long does brodifacoum last?
Brodifacoum has an especially long half-life in the body, which ranges up to nine months, requiring prolonged treatment with antidotal vitamin K for both human and pet poisonings. It has one of the highest risks of secondary poisoning to both mammals and birds.
What is the best antidote for brodifacoum poisoning?
The primary antidote to brodifacoum poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K 1 (dosage for humans: initially slow intravenous injections of 10–25 mg repeated at 3–6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before excessive bleeding ensues. As high doses of brodifacoum can affect the body for many months, the antidote must be administered regularly for a long period (several months, in keeping with the substance's half-life) with frequent monitoring of the prothrombin time.
What is brodifacoum made of?
Brodifacoum is a derivative of the 4-hydroxy-coumarin group. Compound 1 is the starting ester needed to synthesize brodifacoum. To obtain this starting compound, a simple Wittig condensation of ethyl chloroacetate with 4’-bromobiphenylcarboxaldehyde is accomplished. Compound 1 is transformed into 2 by consecutive hydrolysis, halogenation to form an acid chloride, and then reacted with the required lithium anion. This is done using KOH and EtOH for hydrolysis, and then adding SOCl 2 for chlorination to form the acid chloride which reacts with the addition of lithium anion. Compound 2 is then transformed using organocopper chemistry to yield compound 3 with good stereoselectivity of about 98%. Typically, a Friedel-Crafts type cyclization would then be used to obtain the two-ring system portion of compound 4, but this results in low yield. Instead, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in dry benzene catalyzes the cyclization with good yield. The ketone is then reduced with sodium borohydride yielding a benzyl alcohol. Condensation with 4-hydroxycoumarin under HCl yields compound 5, brodifacoum.
What to do if poison is still in the digestive system?
If unabsorbed poison is still in the digestive system, gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be required. Further treatments to be considered include infusion of blood or plasma to counteract hypovolemic shock, and in severe cases, infusion of blood clotting factor concentrate .
Is brodifacoum a super warfarin?
Brodifacoum is a 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant, with a similar mode of action to its historical predecessors dicoumarol and warfarin. However, due to very high potency and long duration of action (elimination half-life of 20 – 130 days), it is characterised as a "second-generation" or " superwarfarin " anticoagulant.
Is brodifacoum a poison?
Chemical compound. Brodifacoum is a highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison. In recent years, it has become one of the world's most widely used pesticides. It is typically used as a rodenticide, but is also used to control larger pests such as possum. Brodifacoum has an especially long half-life in the body, ...
Is brodifacoum poisonous to animals?
A poisoned animal suffers progressively worsening internal bleeding, leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. Brodifacoum is highly lethal to mammals and birds, and extremely lethal to fish. It is a highly cumulative poison, due to its high lipophilicity and extremely slow elimination.
What is brodifacoum used for?
It is used for rodent control in products such as Ratsak pellets and wax blocks, Talon pellets and wax blocks, Surefire blocks, The Big Cheese blocks, Tomcat II blocks and KiwiCare blocks. Brodifacoum containing rodenticides are also available in a range of colours, so determining the active ingredient of a bait simply based off colour is not possible.
How does brodifacoum affect animals?
Brodifacoum exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting the production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. This results in an impaired ability of the blood to form clots and ultimately causes bleeding in the poisoned animal.
What to do if my dog ingests brodifacoum?
If your dog has (or you suspect they have) ingested any products that contain brodifacoum, you should seek immediate professional advice from the Animal Poisons Centre or your veterinarian, even if your animal looks completely well.
Can brodifacoum poisoning cause bleeding?
Symptoms of brodifacoum poisoning in dogs. Signs of poisoning can vary greatly depending on the location and severity of bleeding but may include bleeding from the gums, black or red stools, blood in the urine, lethargy, weakness, coughing, laboured breathing, lameness, seizures and sudden death. Dogs are particularly sensitive to brodifacoum, ...
When was brodifacoum first used?
Brodifacoum. This anticoagulant poison is lethal and was first introduced in 1975. It is very popular and poses a greater secondary risk like Difethialone to predators and scavengers. It is found in different proportions when used for commercial preparations.
What is the second generation of super warfarin?
Bromadiolone. This second generation agent is also known as ‘superwarfarin.’. It is an anticoagulant which is very potent in a rodenticide. Bromadiolone is proven to accumulate in the liver of a poisoned rat or mouse.
Does difethialone kill mice?
A second generation agent kills a rat or mouse after a single feeding, unlike the first generation agent which kills rodents slowly. Difethialone is one of the two anticoagulants known to pose more secondary risks to predators and scavengers.
Overview
Brodifacoum is a highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison. In recent years, it has become one of the world's most widely used pesticides. It is typically used as a rodenticide, but is also used to control larger pests such as possum.
Brodifacoum has an especially long half-life in the body, which ranges up to ni…
Chemical synthesis
Brodifacoum is a derivative of the 4-hydroxy-coumarin group. Compounds numbers are found next to their respective compounds in the image below. Compound 1 is the starting ester needed to synthesize brodifacoum. To obtain this starting Compound 1, a simple Wittig condensation of ethyl chloroacetate with 4’-bromobiphenylcarboxaldehyde is accomplished. Compound 1 is transf…
Toxicology
Brodifacoum is a 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant, with a similar mode of action to its historical predecessors dicoumarol and warfarin. However, due to very high potency and long duration of action (elimination half-life of 20 – 130 days), it is characterised as a "second-generation" or "superwarfarin" anticoagulant.
Brodifacoum inhibits the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, which is needed for the reconstitu…
Brand names
Brodifacoum is marketed under many trade names, including Arakus (Advansia), Biosnap, d-CON, Finale, Fologorat, Havoc, Jaguar, Klerat, Matikus, Mouser, Pestoff, Rakan, Ratak+, Rataquill Colombia, Ratshot Red, Rattex, Rodend, Rodenthor, Ratsak, Talon, Volak, Vertox, and Volid.
Human poisoning
The primary antidote to brodifacoum poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (dosage for humans: initially slow intravenous injections of 10–25 mg repeated at 3–6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before excessive bleeding ensues. As high doses of brodifacoum can affect the body for many months, the antido…
Further reading
• Tasheva, M. (1995). Environmental Health Criteria 175: Anticoagulant rodenticides. World Health Organisation: Geneva.
• Cabot Richard C (2007). "Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (a near fatal case of brodifacoum poisoning)". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc069032. PMID 17215536.