Drug-resistant TB can occur when the drugs used to treat TB are not used as prescribed. This may happen when: A patient misses doses or does not complete the full course of treatment A health care provider prescribes the wrong treatment, wrong dose, or wrong length of time for taking the drugs
Full Answer
Why is drug resistance detection important in tuberculosis (TB)?
Early detection of all forms of drug resistance in TB is a key factor to reduce and contain the spread of these resistant strains. A better knowledge of the mechanisms of action of anti-TB drugs and the development of drug resistance will allow identifying new drug targets and better ways to detect drug resistance.
How does drug-resistant TB develop?
, drug-resistant TB develops when you don’t stick to your treatment plan. Not taking a full course of treatment or taking the wrong dosage can cause drug resistance. TB itself is an airborne infection spread through prolonged exposure to someone who has an active TB infection.
How do you get drug resistant tuberculosis?
Drug-Resistant TB. Drug-resistant TB (DR TB) is spread the same way that drug-susceptible TB is spread. TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
What causes resistance to anti-TB drugs?
Resistance to anti-TB drugs can occur when these drugs are misused or mismanaged. Examples include when patients do not complete their full course of treatment; when health-care providers prescribe the wrong treatment, the wrong dose, or length of time for taking the drugs; when the supply of drugs is not always available;
How does TB drug resistance develop?
Drug resistance in TB remains a man-made phenomenon. It emerges as a result of spontaneous gene mutations in M. tuberculosis that render the bacteria resistant to the most commonly used anti-TB drugs. Among the reasons for this, the non-compliance with the treatment regimens is signaled as the first cause.
What factors contribute to the spread of drug resistant TB?
The spread of drug resistance stems from many factors: poor public health infrastructure (e.g., delays in the diagnosis of drug resistance, inconsistencies in TB medication supply), inadequate treatment (e.g., unmonitored therapy, nonadherence, incorrect use of anti-TB agents), inefficient infection control, and the ...
What causes drug resistance?
Microbes also may get genes from each other, including genes that make the microbe drug resistant. Bacteria multiply by the billions. Bacteria that have drug-resistant DNA may transfer a copy of these genes to other bacteria. Non-resistant bacteria receive the new DNA and become resistant to drugs.
How do you know if TB is drug resistant?
Drug resistance can be detected using special laboratory tests which test the bacteria for sensitivity to the drugs or detect resistance patterns. These tests can be molecular in type (such as Xpert MTB/RIF) or else culture-based.
Is there a vaccine for TB?
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used in some countries to help prevent serious TB infections in children. However, the BCG vaccine isn...
Is drug-resistant TB spread the same way as regular TB?
Yes. Drug-resistant TB is also airborne and spreads through air droplets from a person with an active TB infection. What makes drug-resistant TB di...
When did drug-resistant TB start?
While the exact timeline isn’t known, scientists first identified antibiotic resistance in the 1940s. Since then, more antibiotic-resistant infecti...
Is drug-resistant TB fatal?
Most cases of TB are curable. However, drug-resistant TB is more difficult to cure because the medications normally used to treat the infection don...
What Is Tuberculosis (TB)?
Tuberculosis (TB)(https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from person to per...
What Is Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)?
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. These...
What Is Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)?
Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least...
How Does Drug Resistance Happen?
Resistance to anti-TB drugs can occur when these drugs are misused or mismanaged. Examples include when patients do not complete their full course...
Who Is at Risk For Getting MDR TB?
Drug resistance is more common in people who: 1. Do not take their TB medicine regularly 2. Do not take all of their TB medicine as told by their d...
How Can MDR TB Be Prevented?
The most important thing a person can do to prevent the spread of MDR TB is to take all of their medications exactly as prescribed by their health...
Is There A Vaccine to Prevent TB?
Yes, there is a vaccine for TB disease called Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)(https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm). It...
What Should I Do If I Think I Have been Exposed to Someone With TB Disease?
If you think you have been exposed to someone with TB disease, you should contact your doctor or local health department about getting a TB skin te...
What Are The Symptoms of TB Disease?
The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of th...
Why is XDR TB so resistant to TB drugs?
Because XDR TB is resistant to the most potent TB drugs, patients are left with treatment options that are much less effective. XDR TB is of special concern for persons with HIV infection or other conditions that can weaken the immune system.
How to prevent MDR TB?
Another way to prevent getting MDR TB is to avoid exposure to known MDR TB patients in closed or crowded places such as hospitals, prisons, or homeless shelters. If you work in hospitals or health-care settings where TB patients are likely to be seen, you should consult infection control or occupational health experts.
What is MDR TB?
What is multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB)? Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. These drugs are used to treat all persons with TB disease.
What are the symptoms of TB in the lungs?
The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs may also include coughing, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected. If you have these symptoms, you should contact your doctor or local health department.
What to do if you think you have been exposed to someone with TB?
If you think you have been exposed to someone with TB disease, you should contact your doctor or local health department about getting a TB skin test or TB blood test. And tell the doctor or nurse when you spent time with this person.
How long does TB float in the air?
These bacteria can float in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Persons who breathe in the air containing these TB bacteria can become infected. TB is not spread by. Shaking someone’s hand. Sharing food or drink. Touching bed linens or toilet seats. Sharing toothbrushes.
Can TB be curable?
TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. In most cases, TB is treatable and curable; however, persons with TB can die if they do not get proper treatment.
What is the second line of anti-tuberculosis?
Para-Amino Salicylic Acid. Although it was one of the first anti-tuberculosis drugs used in the treatment of the disease, together with isoniazid and streptomycin, para-amino salicylic acid or PAS is now considered as a second-line drug part of the treatment regimen for MDR-TB.
What is the name of the anti-tuberculosis drug used for MDR?
3.5. Cycloserine. Cycloserine is an oral bacteriostatic second-line anti-tuberculosis drug used in MDR-TB treatment regimens. It is an analog of d-alanine that by blocking the activity of d-alanine: d-alanine ligase inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Where do mutations occur in pyrazinamide resistant strains?
Mutations in the gene pncAremain as the most common finding in pyrazinamide resistant strains. These mutations, however, are scattered throughout the gene but most occur in a 561-bp region in the open reading frame or in an 82-bp region of its putative promoter [60,61].
How many deaths from TB in 2012?
Tuberculosis (TB) remains as an important infectious disease and public health concern worldwide. According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) report, there were an estimated 8.6 million incident cases of TB in 2012 and 1.3 million deaths were attributed to the disease.
What is MDR TB?
MDR-TB is caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosisthat are resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, two key drugs in the treatment of the disease. Since 2006, it has been recognized the presence of even more resistant strains of M. tuberculosislabelled as extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB [2,3,4].
Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?
Kanamycin, Capreomycin, Amikacin, Viomycin. These four antibiotics have the same mechanism of action by inhibiting the protein synthesis but, while kanamycin and amikacin are aminoglycosides, capreomycin and viomycin are cyclic peptide antibiotics. All four are second-line drugs used in the management of MDR-TB.
Which type of topoisomerase is the only target of fluoroquinolone activity?
In M. tuberculosis, only type II topoisomerase (DNA gyrase) is present and, thus, is the only target of fluoroquinolone activity [76]. Type II topoisomerase is a tetramer formed by two α and β subunits, coded by gyrAand gyrB, respectively, which catalyzes the supercoiling of DNA [77].