Webmd.com
1. Get in a routine...setting a gentle daily schedule can help you get back on track...
2. Exercise...regular exercise seems to encourage the brain to rewire itself in positive ways, cook says...
3. Get enough sleep...
4. Take on responsibilities...
5. Challenge negative thoughts...
6. Check with your doctor before using supplements...
Learn More...Healthline.com
1. St. johns wort...taking st. johns wort has been linked with increasing the amount of serotonin in the body...
2. Omega-3 fatty acids...its ideal to get a higher ratio of dha to epa, which are both types of omega-3 fatty acids...
3. Saffron...
4. SAM-e...
5. Folate...
6. Zinc...
Learn More...Top10homeremedies.com
1. St. johns wort...it has chemical constituents like hypericin and hyperforin that work like antidepressants...
2. Cardamom...help detoxify the body and rejuvenate the cells...
3. Nutmeg...helps stimulate your brain, eliminate fatigue and stress...
4. Saffron...
5. Cashews...
6. Fish Oil...
7. Apples...
Learn More...Are there disparities in depression treatment for ethnic and racial minority populations?
Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States Simply relying on present health care systems without consideration of the unique barriers to quality care that ethnic and racial minority populations face is unlikely to affect the pattern of disparities observed.
What were the effects of the Great Depression on minorities?
For minorities overall, the Depression was a period of great economic suffering, small political gains, and lost social opportunities for gaining greater equality with white Americans. Hard times were nothing new for blacks in America. Southern slavery had ended only a few generations earlier.
Do minorities with depression face barriers to getting help?
Minorities With Depression Face Barriers To Getting Help. Ethnic/racial minorities were less likely to receive treatment for depression in 1997. Of adults who received treatment, 16% were African American, 20% Hispanic, and 24% white. Ethnic/racial minorities were less likely to receive treatment for schizophrenia in 1997.
Why did violence against minorities increase during the Great Depression?
Violence against minorities increased during the Depression, as whites competed for jobs traditionally held by minorities. Minorities were excluded from union membership, and unions influenced Congress to keep antidiscrimination requirements out of New Deal laws.
How did the Depression affect minorities?
With the onset of the Depression in late 1929, minorities began losing jobs at a high rate. By 1932 the unemployment rate for blacks was over 50 percent, ranging up to 75 percent in some communities.
Why did the Great Depression affect minority groups more severely?
Why did the Great Depression affect minority groups more severely? Thousands of European immigrants left the country for both voluntary and involuntary reasons because of the Great Depression. The minority groups were not being hired over whites and there was such few jobs.
How did minorities respond to the Great Depression?
African Americans benefited greatly from New Deal programs, though discrimination by local administrators was common. Low-cost public housing was made available to Black families. The National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps enabled African American youths to continue their education.
What are some ways the Great Depression affected daily life for minorities?
Employment discrimination doubled in intensity and African Americans and Asian Americans were pushed out of jobs, including domestic service and farm labor, that whites had previously shunned. Japanese Americans, the state's largest minority population, had built a thriving small business sector in Seattle in the ...
Why did minorities experience an increase in discrimination?
Why did minorities often experience an increase in discrimination during the Great Depression? It was harder for them to find jobs. The whites competed for the same jobs so they harassed the Blacks and Mexicans resulting in Blacks getting lynched and Mexicans being deported.
Which groups were hardest hit by the Great Depression?
The country's most vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and those subject to discrimination, like African Americans, were the hardest hit. Most white Americans felt entitled to what few jobs were available, leaving African Americans unable to find work, even in the jobs once considered their domain.
How did people's lives change during the Great Depression?
More important was the impact that it had on people's lives: the Depression brought hardship, homelessness, and hunger to millions. THE DEPRESSION IN THE CITIES In cities across the country, people lost their jobs, were evicted from their homes and ended up in the streets.
How did life change during the Great Depression?
As stocks continued to fall during the early 1930s, businesses failed, and unemployment rose dramatically. By 1932, one of every four workers was unemployed. Banks failed and life savings were lost, leaving many Americans destitute. With no job and no savings, thousands of Americans lost their homes.
How did the New Deal help the American people?
President Roosevelt’s New Deal program somehow helped in addressing the problems . The program comprised of various economic and social initiatives which aimed at bringing reprieve to the suffering American minorities. However, discrimination prevailed even in the New Deal housing and employment programs. Political critics contend that President Roosevelt failed to support the legislation advocated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. At the time of the Second World War, the labor leader threatened to protest because of job inequity in the military and other activities related to defense (Weiss 578). President Roosevelt reacted by issuing an order for all people, irrespective of their race, national origin, color, or creed, to participate in the defense of the country (Dubofsky and Burwood 98).
What was the main cause of the Depression?
Franklin Roosevelt asserted that the main cause of the Depression was the country’s underlying economic flaws, which had increased because of the Republican policies during the 1920s (Trowbridge n. p.). Jim Crow’s segregation laws contributed to the extreme suffering experienced by American minorities. The census done in1930 considered Mexican Americans as a race for the first time ever. There was legislation that prevented Mexican Americans from entering the United States (Weiss 569).
How did the Great Depression affect the Great Plains?
The Great Depression led to the destruction of the Great Plains due to the horrendous dust storms (Roberts and Olson 163). White farmers and businesspeople that depended on farm produce had to search for employment in order to sustain themselves. The unemployment experienced during the period led to the discrimination of minority groups in the workplaces. As a result, the number of blacks who lost employment was two to three times more than that of the whites (Weiss 568).
Why is the Great Depression important?
The Great Depression plays a very important role in the United States economic programs. People still study the circumstances surrounding the Great Depression. The period is useful to economic scholars because they refer to it when making recommendations from time to time on the best economic programs for the country. There has been considerable democratic development since the Depression, and many laws have emerged that prohibit discrimination on grounds of race, color, and national origin.
What was the Great Depression?
The Great Depression happened throughout the 1930s. It began with the 1929 Wall Street Market crash. It marked the worst market crisis in the U.S. history. The problems nearly affected all American groups. It was even harder on racial minorities, including Asian Americans, American Indians, Mexican Americans, and Black Americans. In several Northern cities, racial minorities lost their jobs to their white counterparts (Broussard 105).
What was the unemployment rate in 1933?
In 1933, the overall degree of unemployment in the country was twenty-five percent. At the same time, the rate of unemployment for minorities was about fifty percent (Trowbridge n.p.). However, unlike most other Americans who had not anticipated poverty until the onset of Depression, the minorities had already experienced poverty for a long time in history. Thus, they were less affected by the initial Depression disaster. During the Depression, there was widespread racial discrimination. Minorities were usually the last to be employed and the first to be fired (Trowbridge n.p.).
What were the conditions for black people during the Great Depression?
Conditions for blacks during the Great Depression were almost inconceivably bad . Median black family income was around $500 a year, which means most blacks lived at subsistence level without electricity, hot water, refrigeration, adequate plumbing or gas for cooking. It was only because of Eleanor Roosevelt that blacks got anything at all during those years. Under these circumstances, New Deal benefits limited though they were and however discriminatory still offered some relief and solace to a desperate population.
What saved America during the Great Depression?
The Great Depression was what saved America. America tumbled into the 1930s flushed with excess and greed. Most of the white working class finally got to know how it was like to be Black. The African American remained in a state of depression since slavery. The mass discrimination in the work force was shameful. In the mid 30s with the advent of the WPA things changed. The government put 8.8 million people to work. Among them 2 million black workers, working side by side with white workers thanks to the efforts of Eleanor Roosevelt and her close friend Mary McLeod Cookman.
What did Dixiecrats demand?
I don’t know too much, but I do know that Dixiecrats demanded that most New Deal programs, like Social Security, be designed in a way to exclude blacks and preserve Jim Crow. FDR agreed. Most New Deal programs excluded farm labor and domestic workers, recognizing that these were the only two areas in which most blacks were employed. Blacks were excluded from the legislation that created modern unions, from laws that set minimum wages and regulated the hours of work, and from Social Security. This continued through the Truman administration and were only ended by Eisenhower and the Republicans
What companies were bought in the 1930s?
The world was preparing for war and those that invested in companies that made in-demand products for the government stood to make lots of money. Companies dealing with shipping, military vehicles, textiles (for uniforms, tents, etc.), metals (copper, steel, aluminum and iron), shipping and petroleum products made a fortune. Well known companies that were bought at this time were John Deere, Reynolds Metals and Douglas Aircraft.
Which age group had the highest unemployment rate?
Older people which could be anyone over 50 had much higher unemployment rates for their real or perceived cumulative exhaustion and wear and were the most likely to be poor in America (the reverse now, now it’s children.)
Did the coal mines close in the 1920s?
In 1925, the coal mines began closing throughout southern Illinois. By 1932, 60% of able-bodied men in the two surrounding counties were unemployed. Fortunately, my grandfather kept his non-union job in the mine so the Depression did not significantly affect my father growing up. He had enough food to eat, wore decent clothes, and attended school with the expectation of going to college. In 1942, my father was drafted for WWII. After the war, he migrated to Detroit to study radio and engineering at the Extension Service of the University of Michigan.
Who created the first affirmative action program?
The Roosevelt Administration instituted the first affirmative action program of racial and enthic equality and called it the New Deal.
Which group of people is more likely to experience depression?
Women who are poor, on welfare, less educated, unemployed and from ethnic/racial minority populations are more likely to experience depression.
What percentage of Asian Pacific Islanders were drug users in 1999?
The percentage of Asian/Pacific Islanders who reported being current users of illicit drugs in 1999 was 3.2% .
What are the problems that Mexicans and Puerto Ricans face?
Mexicans and Puerto Ricans have high prevalence of illicit drug use, heavy alcohol use, alcohol dependence, and need for drug abuse treatment.
What are the problems Native Americans face?
Native Americans have very high prevalence of past-year substance use, alcohol dependence, and need for illicit drug abuse treatment.
Why do African American women get AIDS?
The majority of AIDS cases among African American women and children are attributable to alcohol or illicit drug use.
What percentage of the US population is Asian in 2010?
Minorities With Depression Face Barriers To Getting Help. Because of shifts in the US population, by the year 2010, approximately 33% of the US population is expected to be Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, Native American, or of Hispanic origin.
Why is it so difficult to access health care?
In addition, cultural and language barriers and lack of awareness by primary care physicians in identifying mental illness, especially for ethnic/racial minorities, make it difficult for some to access the US health care systems. Low rates of health care insurance among minorities are complicating factors. There is a serious gap between the need ...
Methods
The University of Michigan Survey Research Center (SRC) collected data for the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), collected between 2003 and 2003 ( 10 ); the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), collected between 2001 and 2003 ( 11 ); and the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), collected between 2001 and 2003 ( 12 ).
Results
Table 1 shows that there were striking racial and ethnic differences in sample characteristics, including much higher rates of poverty and lower rates of health insurance coverage among all racial and ethnic minority groups compared with non-Latino whites.
Discussion
The results of these analyses highlight that disparities in access to and quality of care for ethnic and racial minority populations remain a critical issue in mental health care. All racial and ethnic minority groups were significantly less likely than non-Latino whites to receive access to any mental health treatment.
Conclusions
Our findings shift the debate to developing policy, practice, and community solutions to address the barriers that generate these disparities.
Acknowledgments and disclosures
The data analysis conducted for this article was made possible by grant K23-DA018715-01A2 from the research division of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The National Latino and Asian American Study data used in this analysis were provided by the Center for Multicultural Mental Health Research at the Cambridge Health Alliance.
What are the risk factors for African Americans with depression?
When examining risk factors for depression in African Americans, studies have focused on the role of discrimination as a major potential risk factor for MDD in the African American community. Self-perceived racial discrimination , in particular, has been strongly associated with worsening mental and physical health, more so in African American women than in men.3By contrast, a strong sense of ethnic identity among African Americans has been shown to be a protective factor against mental illness in these communities.4Ethnic identity is defined as a sense of commitment and belonging to an ethnic group, positive feelings about the group, and behaviors that indicate involvement with the ethnic group.4There are future studies aimed at examining cultural and ethnic identity among clinical samples in an attempt to gain a better sense of how positive ethnic identity can be fostered and strengthened among members of the community in an attempt to protect against mental illness.4In addition to ethnicity and gender, risk factors such as lower yearly income, socioeconomic positioning, poverty status, and employment are recognized as key risk factors.3This suggests that marriage and a higher level of income and education are protective factors in the African American community for depression. Job security, for example, was found to be associated with fewer depressive symptoms in African American men than in Caucasians or Hispanic communities.3
How does socioeconomic status affect depression?
One study in particular found that household income and unemployment predicted greater odds of major depressive episodes among African Americans and an inverse relationship between education level and a 12-month major depressive episode. Additional ly, an inverse relationship between income and 12-month major depressive episode (MDE) was noted in African American, particularly in women.5In addition to socioeconomic factors, home environment was also assessed for risk of depression in African Americans. Thus far, no concrete data has shown that African Americans in single-parent households are more susceptible to depression later in life than those in two-parent families.3However, evidence from these studies has shown that higher parental education correlated to greater adult achievement and self-esteem in African Americans, especially in African American men, and lower depression.3Another study looked at how neighborhood ethnic composition related to mental health among African Americans. Results suggested that as same-ethnicity neighborhood composition increased, rates of depression decreased.3The study used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression instrument to show that neighborhood ethnic composition was a prominent risk factor among African Americans for depression (24%) when compared to Caucasians (14%).3
What are the two contradictory assumptions underlying research on race differences in psychiatric diagnosis?
The first assumption is the “clinician bias” hypothesis, which makes the assumption that each race exhibits depressive symptoms similarly and the fault in misdiagnosis lies with the clinician, who judges each race differently.13The other hypothesis is described as “cultural relativity,” which assumes that depression manifests differently in various racial minorities when compared to Caucasians and the clinician is insensitive to the cultural differences between each ethnic group, leading to a misdiagnosis.13These older studies support the idea of cultural relativity, that the clinician himself is unaware and hence unable to properly diagnose depression in a racial minority due to his own shortcomings and lack of understanding. Studies exploring the notion that the clinician himself is unaware of cultural differences have discussed a tool known as the Patient-Centered Culturally Sensitive Health Care model (PC-CSHC model).3The PC-CSHC model was developed to help clinicians and providers in promoting culturally sensitive health care practices, leading to a higher level of care for minorities and reducing disparities in treatment between minorities and non-minorities. This model leads to a clinician’s greater understanding of disparities across race and ethnicity, leading to a more individually focused treatment that works within the limitations of the patient’s cultural framework to provide higher level of care and, as a result, higher level of patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment plans.3Studies have also shown differences in presenting symptoms between African Americans and non-Hispanic Caucasians, with one study highlighting the presence of the symptom of negative affect and interpersonal problems domains as a harbinger of depressive disorder in African Americans. The presence of these strongly predicts depressive disorders in African Americans more than in Caucasians.14
What is the prevalence of major depressive disorder in African Americans?
Studies that have explored the prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, non-Hispanic Caucasians Americans and Caribbean African Americans have found that overall lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder among Caucasians was 17.9% as opposed to African Americans, whose prevalence estimate was only 10.4%.1The difference between African Americans and Caucasians lies in the fact that the chronicity of disease was higher for African Americans (56%) than it was for Caucasian patients (38.6%).1Among this percentage, fewer than half of these African Americans sought treatment for their depression, although when asked to qualify their disease, they would rate their condition as severe or disabling.1Thus, this study concluded that the burden of depression was shouldered more heavily on African Americans than it was on Caucasians in the United States, leading to an overall greater degree of functional impairment. Some studies argue that African Americans may have lower rates of depression when compared to non-Hispanic Caucasians due to the resilient nature of the community and greater religious support, but even these studies agree that these patients often tend to be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.2These studies also acknowledge that African Americans who are diagnosed with depression often tend to have more serious, chronic, and severely debilitating disease.2
How many people suffer from depression?
Studies have shown that of the roughly 18 million Americans who struggle with mood disorders, approximately ten million of these individuals suffer from major or clinical depression. Of these ten million individuals, roughly two-thirds go without treatment. The disease is multifactorial and can be attributed to genetic causes, various psychosocial and environmental stressors, and can be an unpleasant accompaniment to a variety of other diseases and disease processes. The pathogenesis of disease has previously been described as involving three general sets of risk factors: 1) internalizing factors such as genetics, 2) externalizing factors such as medication side effects/secondary to underlying illnesses and substance abuse, and 3) adversity due to trauma and psychosocial stressors such as low socioeconomic position. Those with first-degree relatives with the disorder are at a 1.5 to 3-time increase in risk than those among the general population. When exploring disparities in depression across racial and ethnic boundaries, it is important to consider 1) the differences in predisposing factors (ie, genetic factors and adverse childhood events), 2) the presentation of disease, and 3) boundaries to sustained and successful treatment. For the purposes of this article, we will explore discrepancies in the presentation of depression among minorities when compared to Caucasians as well as factors that serve as boundaries for ethnic minority patients in initiating treatment and sustaining a long-term, disease-free existence.
Is depression underdiagnosed?
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent disorders in the US that often goes underdiagnosed and untreated. The burden of disability among those untreated is heaviest among untreated minority populations. Recent studies show that among African Americans, those with socioeconomic stress are less likely to report psychological symptoms or remain compliant with initiated treatment. While minority populations are less likely to suffer from acute episodes of MDD than Caucasians, they are more likely to suffer from prolonged, chronic, and severely debilitating depression with heavy consequences on their level of daily functioning. Part of the problem of underdiagnoses lies with the provider. Many providers today are unable to notice subtleties in presentation or recognize uncommon presentation of disease. This paper focuses on discrepancies in the presentation of depression among minorities when compared to Caucasians as well as factors that serve as boundaries for successful treatment.
Does education affect depression?
Certain studies have examined the role of various socio-economic factors like education in the predictive role on depressive symptoms.9This prospective study utilized a life-course approach to compare African American and Caucasian males and females to assess the impact of >12 years continued education on future depressive symptoms from baseline to up to 25 years.9African American males were the only group not to exhibit a net protective effect of education on the development of chronic medical conditions, including depression.9While education was protective to an extent, a threshold effect of continued education was found over follow-up to have an increase in depressive symptoms as well. The study paradoxically concluded that although education was beneficial for African American men, those graduating with a high school diploma were at additional risk for development of depressive symptoms over a 25-year follow-up.9Another study utilized data from the National Survey of American Life – Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A) from 2003–2004 to study the link between education and depression in African Americans and Caribbean Blacks.10This study concluded that higher education was associated with a lower risk of depression in African Americans, both male and female.10The study concluded that further research was needed to investigate how additional factors such as culture or life experiences influence the presence of future depressive symptoms.
Black Americans
- Hard times were nothing new for blacks in America. Southern slavery had ended only a few generations earlier. Racism remained woven into every aspect of life in the United Statesin the 1920s and was freely expressed in public. With the onset of the Depression in late 1929, minoriti…
Black Americans and The First New Deal
- Franklin Roosevelt had little to offer blacks during his 1932 presidential campaign. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) had urged him to openly oppose racial discrimination, but Roosevelt, a northernDemocrat, wanted the votes of southern Democrats in the election. He looked to those same leaders for support of his economic recovery measure…
Asian Americans
- During the second half of the nineteenth century, many workers came to the United States from Asia seeking jobs. They played a highly important role in developing the U.S. economy during this time, particularly in the West, including their participation in mining activities, railroad construction, and agricultural work. By 1882 some 300,000 Chinese had entered the United Stat…
Mexican Americans
- Over one million immigrants came from Mexico to the United States between 1900 and 1930, filling the demand for low-wage, unskilled workers in the growing U.S. economy. Most were farmworkers who settled in established Mexican American communities in California and the Southwest; others found work in mines and manufacturing industries. The goal for many of thes…
Mexican Americans During The Depression
- Between 1929 and 1932, 365,000 people returned to Mexico (75,000 of them departed from the Los Angelesarea between 1930 and 1932). An additional 90,000 left for Mexico between 1933 and 1937. Because of the forced migration, stricter immigration policies, and reduced job opportunities, far fewer Mexicans were entering the United States. After one million Mexican im…
American Indians
- By the 1920s American Indians had lost most of their traditional lands. Most were isolated on reservations or in remote rural communities, trapped in poverty with little education and poor access to health services. Government programs discouraged the practice of Indian traditions. Like other minorities in the United States, American Indians were economically depressed befor…
The Indian New Deal
- With Ickes and Collier in the lead, the 1930s became a turning point in American Indian history. The policies they instituted became known as the Indian New Deal. Collier used the 1928 Brookings Institution report as a road map to reform the administration of American Indian affairs and rejuvenate Indian cultures and traditions through the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (later nam…
For More Information
- Books
balderrama, francisco e., and raymond rodriguez. decade of betrayal: mexican repatriation in the 1930s. albuquerque, nm: university of new mexico press, 1995. brookings institution. the problem of indian administration. baltimore, md: the johns hopkins press, 1928. daniels, roger. asian ame… - Web Sites
ancestors in the americas.http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/ (accessed on august 14, 2002). immigration and naturalization service (ins).http://www.ins.gov (accessed on august 14, 2002). national congress of american indians.http://www.ncai.org (accessed on august 14, 2002).
The Cause of The Great Depression
When It Happened
The People and Organizations Involved
The Various Points That Made Up The Problem
The Solution to The Problem
- It was very hard for many American minorities to make a living during the Depression. The Great Depression hit the African-Americans the hardest compared to other minority races. There is barely any evidence on how this group survived during the Great Depression. As a result of the Depression, organizational activities among the minorities, especia...
The Relevance of The Great Depression on The Us Society Today
Works Cited