What are the dimensions of the pulse generator?
The dimensions of the pulse generator are also compacted to 280 mm × 200 mm × 170 mm ( L × × H) for easy carrying. Figure 6 (b) shows the preparation for the practical test.
Who developed compact pulse generator with adjustable pulse width?
N. F. Kasri and M. A. M. Piah, “Development of compact pulse generator with adjustable pulse width for pulse electric field treatment technology,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 9, no. 2, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
What is the frequency of a pulsed electric field?
Very short pulse length pulsed electric fields, which didn’t create heating to destroy tissue, were used. The frequency was 4 hertz. Two weeks after treatment, the growth of treated tumors was inhibited by 79%. MRI was used to assess the physical changes in the tumors.
What is the field strength of a 4kv pulse generator?
With the max output voltage applied (4 kV), the field strength is expected to be 20 kV/cm across the treatment area and it is sufficient to cause disasters for foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. 5. Compact High-Voltage Pulse Generator
What should be the range of pulse generator?
Explanation: the most effective frequency range for pulse generator for optimum efficiency and component size is 20khz.
What is electrical pulse generator?
A pulse generator is either an electronic circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate rectangular pulses. Pulse generators are used primarily for working with digital circuits, related function generators are used primarily for analog circuits.
How do you make a pulse generator circuit?
0:5724:24555 Timer IC - Low Frequency Pulse Generator Circuit - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSo let's begin here is the circuitry that you need in order to create the low frequency pulseMoreSo let's begin here is the circuitry that you need in order to create the low frequency pulse generator circuit you just need the 555 timer two resistors a capacitor.
How does a pulse generator?
The high-voltage supply and the pulse generator use a circuit where capacitors are charged in parallel from a low-voltage source such as a 12-V battery, then discharged in series to gain a voltage multiplication and produce a high-voltage pulse.
Where is a pulse generator placed?
Generally, the generator will be placed on the nondominant side. (If you are right-handed, the device will be placed in your upper left chest. If you are left-handed, the device will be placed in your upper right chest). The ECG will be observed to ensure that the pacer is working correctly.
Is a pulse generator the same as a pacemaker?
A pacemaker has two parts: Pulse generator. This small metal container houses a battery and the electrical circuitry that controls the rate of electrical pulses sent to the heart. Leads (electrodes).
How can a 555 timer be used as a pulse generator?
The circuit is very simple. By connecting pin 2 and 6 we put the 555 timer in astable mode. Astable mode causes the 555 timer to re-trigger itself, producing a stream of pulses [PWM Signals] as long as its hooked up to a power supply. Pin number 3 is the output pin.
What is TTL pulse generator?
The Pulser TTL-Out output can work smoothly to trigger Prizmatix LED light sources or lasers to produce light pulses for opsin activation. The TTL-Out output provides TTL level voltage pulses to Optogenetics light sources such as LEDs, Lasers or Shutters. Multiple light sources can be connected to a single TTL-Out.
What is clock pulse generator?
The clock pulse generator (CPG) described here was designed as a portable, low-cost device to generate both an accurate time standard and a timing trace that was easy to read, for use in research on temporal phenomena.
What is electromagnetic pulse generator used for?
EMP generators can produce pulses of electromagnetic energy that can destroy the sensitive electronics in computers and microprocessors. Destabilized LCR circuits can produce multi megawatt pulses by using an explosive wire disruptive switch.
What is a pulsed electric field?
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) is a unique nonthermal method of inactivating microorganisms, including many of the common food pathogens, without heating the product to the usual pasteurization temperatures. The destruction or inactivation of the microorganism is achieved by the breakdown of the microorganism's cell membranes during exposure to electric fields.
What are the important aspects of pulsed electric field technology?
Some important aspects in pulsed electric field technology are the generation of high electric-field intensities, the design of chambers that impart uniform treatment to foods with minimal increase in temperature, and the design of electrodes that minimize the effect of electrolysis.
What is the effect of PEFs on vegetative cells?
Microbial inactivation of vegetative cells by PEFs involves the application of short pulses of high electric field intensity, which leads to an irreversible perforation of the cell membrane and eventually to cell death.
How does PEF work?
This technique works by electroporating cell membranes of microorganisms which leads to leakage of cytoplasmic contents and collapse of the cells ( Gurtler, Bailey, Geveke, & Zhang, 2011 ). Buckow, Ng, and Toepfl (2013) have reviewed the application of PEF technology to inactivate major pathogenic bacteria. A general consensus seems to be that this technology provides a significant reduction of bacterial load without apparent major detrimental effects on quality of fruit juice products tested. A potential drawback is that the positive results obtained do require a specific treatment levels that may vary from microbe to microbe. Therefore, a more uniform approach will be necessary.
What is PEF processing?
Application of PEF processing is restricted to food products with no air bubbles and with low electrical conductivity. Any gas bubbles trapped in the liquid during extraction can allow electric arcing between the electrodes causing the potential formation of carcinogens.
Do bacteria respond to electric fields?
Different bacteria have different sensitivities to electric field treatment. In general, Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts are more resistant to electric fields than Gram-negative bacteria. The optimum conditions for maximum inactivation of a specific microorganism can be determined after preliminary research.
Is PEF a permanent or nonthermal method?
With this method, it is possible to create nonthermal and permanent damage in cell membranes by electroporation. PEF technology may represent an important alternative to antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of bacterial contamination of wounds, particularly those contaminated with MDR bacteria.
What is the impact of pulsed electric field?
The impact of the pulsed electric field (PEF) on microbial viability has been widely studied in various types of bacteria including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeast, protozoan parasites, and spores [ 22.
How to have a pulse amplitude in a few kV?
To have a pulse amplitude in a few kV, switching devices should be able to operate under high-voltage conditions. The current technology allows this to happen by the means of implementing several available techniques: single-unit device or stacked devices. In a stacked device, several MOSFETs are connected in series to accommodate the high voltage applied to it [ 49#N#R. J. Baker and B. P. Johnson, “Series operation of power mosfets for high-speed, high-voltage switching applications,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 64, no. 6, 1993. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar#N#See in References#N#– 52#N#J. Sun and P. Wang, “A cmos short pulse generator with a high-voltage stacked mosfet switch,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), College Station, TX, USA, August 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar#N#See in References#N#]. However, this technique has drawbacks that lie in its complexity of controlling and voltage sharing for each device. If one of the MOSFETs is damaged due to overvoltage, then the whole system will be shut down [ 53#N#H. Jambari, N. A. Azli, and M. A. M. Piah, “Comparison of pulsed electric field generation techniques for microbial inactivation application,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 33, 2011. View at: Google Scholar#N#See in References#N#].
Why are square wave pulses more lethal than exponential decay pulses?
This is because of the on-time which is longer causes a formidable impact on the microorganisms in the food media. To have a reliable high-voltage pulse generator, a technique of capacitor discharge was employed. Four units of capacitor rated 100 μ F 1.2 kV were connected in series to produce 25 μ F 4.8 kV which were used to store the energy of approximately 200 J. The energy stored was discharged via HTS 181-01-C to the load in the range of nano to microseconds of pulse duration. The maximum voltage applied was limited to 4 kV because it is a lab-scale project. The electrical circuit diagram and the development procedure, as well as experimental results, are presented.
What is PEF technology?
PEF technology aims to offer consumers high-quality foods (e.g. potatoes, olive oil and fruit juices) and is considered superior to traditional thermal processing methods.
What is a PEF?
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) is a method for processing cells by means of brief pulses of a strong electric field. The electric field perforates the cell walls of the food creating micro holes that allow asparagine and reducing sugars to be washed out of the potato in cold water wash.
How long does PEMF therapy last?
PEMF significantly increases circulation and has a wide variety of health benefits. Therapy may last 30 minutes to several hours a day , and may be directed at specific areas or to the entire body. As noted, the only contraindications are pregnancy and individuals with an implanted pacemaker or electrical device.
What is the frequency of tens?
2 The most widely used of these techniques is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) or electroacupuncture. For TENS, frequencies of 1 to 100 Hz are used.
What is PEMF therapy?
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy is a safe, and non-invasive way to reduce pain and inflammation. It can be used to supplement and enhance currently existing healthcare modalities. The PEMF apparatus includes various devices including full body mats, localized pad applicators, and pinpointed probe or “spot” applicators.
How does PEMF work?
How it Works. PEMF uses healthy electromagnetic frequencies, as opposed to cell phone frequencies, to enhance overall health and wellness. Every cell in the body has a negative charge on the cell wall. For nerve cells, this is approximately -60 mV; other cells may vary in the net negative charge.
Is PEMF therapy safe?
PEMF therapy is a safe and non-invasive tool to improve health. It stimulates and duplicates the earth’s natural electromagnetic frequencies and functions essentially as a recharger of the body’s electrical battery.
Abstract
Introduction
Working Principle
Simulation Setup
Hardware Development
Compact High-Voltage Pulse Generator
- By assembling all the relevant components, a compact high-voltage pulse generator was successfully constructed as shown in Figure 6(a). The dimensions of the pulse generator are also compacted to 280 mm × 200 mm × 170 mm (L × × H) for easy carrying. Figure 6(b)shows the preparation for the practical test. Regarding testing, it was performed in the ...
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
Acknowledgments