Although performing a culture test is the most common diagnostic test, other testing may be used to confirm a suspected typhoid fever infection, such as a test to detect antibodies to typhoid bacteria in your blood, or a test that checks for typhoid DNA in your blood. Treatment Antibiotic therapy is the only effective treatment for typhoid fever.
Are cultural factors important for diagnostic diagnosis?
May 15, 2019 · Influences of Cultural Differences in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety and Depression Karen G. Martínez, MD, MSc Culture affects the way we express our thoughts, behaviors and emotions. It is therefore not surprising that there are cultural differences in the way anxiety and depression is manifested and treated.
How does culture play a role in the diagnosis of psychopathology?
being diagnosed, it’s imperative that educators understand the role of culture. Religion and family values determine how a culture perceives etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of autism and thus determines the welfare of families. Introduction
What is the role of Culture in substance abuse?
Beliefs About Health, Healing, Help-Seeking, and Substance Use. Just as culture shapes an individual's sense of identity, it also shapes attitudes surrounding health practices and substance use. Cultural acceptance of a behavior, for instance, can mask a problem or deter a person from seeking treatment.
How does culture affect health and healing?
Special emphasis is given to the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), which is a person-centered tool for clinical use in various health and medical care contexts, and which was initially developed for the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and which is …
What is culture diagnosis?
Diagnostic cultures are commonly used to identify infectious microbes from samples isolated from urine (urinary tract infections), stool (diarrheal and foodborne diseases), the genital tract (STDs), the throat (strep throat), and the skin (skin infections).Aug 11, 2021
What are cultures used for in microbiology?
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium.
What are cultures in medicine?
In medicine, culture also refers to the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, or human, plant, or animal cells or tissue in the laboratory.
Why would a doctor order a culture?
Blood culture testing is generally ordered if your doctor believes that you may have an infection in your blood. Your doctor may suspect that you have an infection in your blood if you have symptoms of sepsis.Feb 11, 2022
What is a culture used for?
A culture is a method used to identify the organisms suspected of causing an infection. Cultures are used to identify infectious microbes from urine, stool, genital tract, throat and skin samples.Jun 16, 2021
What is a skin culture used to diagnose?
A skin or wound culture is a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. A sample of skin, tissue, or fluid is added to a substance that promotes the growth of germs. If no germs grow, the culture is negative. If germs that can cause an infection grow, the culture is positive.
What role does culture play in healthcare?
The influence of culture on health is vast. It affects perceptions of health, illness and death, beliefs about causes of disease, approaches to health promotion, how illness and pain are experienced and expressed, where patients seek help, and the types of treatment patients prefer.
How cultural background plays a role in the treatment of a patient?
Cultural beliefs can affect how a patient will seek care and from whom, how he or she will manage self-care, how he will make health choices, and how she might respond to a specific therapy. Cultural issues play a key role in compliance, which is a person's willingness to adhere to the doctor's recommendations.Nov 13, 2017
Why is culture important in healthcare?
Why Is Cultural Respect Important? Cultural respect is critical to reducing health disparities. It helps improve access to high-quality health care that is respectful of and responsive to the needs of diverse patients.
How do you culture bacteria in the laboratory?
During a bacteria culture test, a sample will be taken from your blood, urine, skin, or other part of your body. The type of sample depends on the location of the suspected infection. The cells in your sample will be taken to a lab and put in a special environment in a lab to encourage cell growth.Jul 30, 2020
What is a bacterial culture Why do we perform this procedure?
A bacteria culture is a test to identify whether you have a bacterial infection. It can be performed on a sample of blood, stool, urine, skin, mucus or spinal fluid. Using this type of test, a healthcare provider can identify what caused an infection and determine the most effective treatment.Nov 24, 2021
How is a culture and sensitivity test performed?
In this test, a health care provider will take a tissue sample or fluid sample from your body and test it in a lab to see if germs will grow in it (culture). Any germs that grow from the culture will be tested against a variety of medicines to find which medicine works best (sensitivity testing).Aug 20, 2021
What are the differences between cultures?
One of the main differences seen across cultures is the way anxiety and depression is expressed . Someone from a culture where it is common to know psychological terms, could easily describe anxiety and depression using those specific words. In other cultures, other words might be more common.
Is mental health culturally sensitive?
There are many mental health professionals and clinics that are striving to be culturally sensitive. In other words, services that are open to assessing anxiety and depression in many ways and that help the person find the right treatment that aligns with their culture can be found.
Can anxiety be expressed in words?
In some other cultures, anxiety and depression might not even be expressed in words. It can take the form of physical symptoms, such as headaches, backaches or stomach discomfort. Sadness, fear and preoccupation can be channeled through physical symptoms.
How does culture affect autism?
Culture also affects the way parents view signs and symptoms of autism. Anglo parents are more likely to see general developmental delays or regression of language before social issues (Mandell & Novak, 2005). This could be due to the fact that language is emphasized in the Anglo culture more than social skills. It’s not uncommon for parents to make excuses for poor social behavior. On the contrary, Eastern Indian parents notice social problems in their children before speech issues, 45% and 32% respectively (Mandell & Novak, 2005). This could be related to the high value the Indian culture places on social conformity. In fact, Indian parents are not alarmed when their three year old boys are not speaking yet because they feel girls talk before boys (Wilder et al, 2004).
What plays the biggest role in how one interprets the new situation?
When faced with a life changing event , what plays the biggest role in how one interprets the new situation? Family and cultural values shape our thoughts and perceptions of new events more than any other factor. In fact, family is the most basic unit of socialization, as well as important in defining roles and rules of conduct. According to Mandell and Novak (2005), “Culture is a group of people’s way of life, consisting of predictable patterns of values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors which are past down through generations” (p. 110). Cultural variables can be crucial in determining how well a family accepts a medical diagnosis and thus the outcome. It is imperative to take culture into account when establishing a treatment plan for a devastating disability such as autism. Autism is a disorder present at birth or may be diagnosed before age three in which behavioral, communication and social abilities are impaired (Wilder, Dyches, Obiakor, & Algozzine, 2004). There is no cure for autism and it is considered a severe disability because of the life long effects on individuals and families (Dyches, Wilder, Sudweeks, Obiakor, &Algozzine, 2004). Parents of autistic children suffer from an increase in stress, a poorer quality of marriage, depression, anxiety and increased anger when compared to parents of typical children (Magana & Smith, 2006). As a clinician, it’s important to be aware of how cultural values, such as religion, can be influential in the diagnosis, treatment and welfare of families with an autistic child. Our job is to open our minds to what we can learn from other cultures in order to better meet the needs of our autistic children.
How difficult is it to diagnose autism?
Diagnosing autism can be a difficult and lengthy procedure; however for some families of minority cultures it can be even more challenging. Clinicians have different expectations when treating African-American patients compared to Anglo patients. Physicians screen for Autism Spectrum Disorders with Anglo patients at an earlier age compared to African-American patients. This could be related to the fact that African-American families are less likely than Anglo families to have regular visits with a primary care physician. It’s important to have a relationship established with a pediatrician because they will be more likely to notice developmental milestones. As a result African-American children are diagnosed with autism one and one half years later then Anglo children. Once the African-American child is in treatment they need three times the number of visits and three times a longer period of time before given an autism diagnosis compared to Anglo children (Mandell & Novak, 2005). Once the diagnosis is made it’s important to be aware of cultural values that can provide support for the family.
Is autism genetic or environmental?
People of Anglo descent most commonly believe the etiology of autism is genetic or environmental. Some experts in the Anglo group feel that highly intelligent families with a propensity for science, math, literature or art are more likely to produce offspring with autistic features (Dyches et al, 2004). For example, Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein are known to have suffered from autism. A second theory that is popular but controversial in the Anglo community is the idea that autism is related to environmental factors. Autistic children tend to have high levels of mercury in their blood. It’s thought that the mercury in their body is from the multiple immunizations they receive as
About the course
This course focuses on culture's different roles in the clinical context in diagnostics and treatment. The importance of cultural information in person-centered clinical health care is presented on the basis of international research studies and various types of clinical cases.
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How does culture affect autism?
Culture plays a role in the diagnosis of autism, and it plays a role in a families’ acceptance of a child with autism and their acceptance of a treatment modality. In terms of child rearing, Trembath, Balandin, and Rossi (2005) indicate that minority families tend to teach their children to work interdependently within groups, cooperate, and comply when needed. Majority families tend to teach their children to be self-directed learners who are independently oriented and socially interactive ( Sue & Sue, 2008; Trembath, Balandin, & Rossi, 2005 ). These values are often reflected in the avenues for help the families pursue and in the values they teach their children.
What is the Respectful model of counseling?
The RESPECTFUL model of counseling is a framework that helps counselors explore markers of cultural identity that are salient for their clients ( Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, & D’Andrea, 2003 ). Though not an exhaustive list, the use of this model invites counselors and others to consider the following 10 cultural points (pp. 9–17): R—religious/spiritual identity; to include the manner in which individuals identify with formal and informal transcendental forces; E—economic class background; to note the impact of class on one’s cultural perspective; S—sexual identity; acknowledges gender identity and roles, as well as one’s sexual orientation; P—level of psychological maturity; includes differences in psychological development; E—ethnic/racial identity; involves an exploration of intragroup and intergroup variations; C—chronological/developmental challenges; considers generational diversity from birth though old age; T—various forms of trauma and other threats to one’s sense of well-being; considers the impact of various forms of stress upon one’s psyche; F—family background and history; the personal sense of one’s family constellation; U—unique physical characteristics; understanding how societal images can marginalize those who are physically different from idealized norms; and L—location of residence and language differences; how one is situated in terms of geographical locale and linguistic variations.
What are some questions to ask about autism?
One tool to help professionals understand family beliefs about autism, treatment, and family expectations is a rubric developed by Levy et al. (as cited in Mandell & Novak, 2005 ). Questions such as these address the diversity that is a part of each family: 1 What did you call your child’s problem before it was diagnosed? 2 What do you think caused it? 3 Why do you think it started when it did? 4 What do you think autism does? How does it work? 5 How severe is it? Will it have a short or long course? 6 What are the chief problems your child’s autism has caused? 7 What do you fear most about it? 8 What kind of treatment do you think your child should receive? What do you expect from this treatment? (p. 113)
What is the defining characteristic of autism?
The defining characteristic of autism is impairment in social and communicative development; this factor makes ASD different from other neurodevelopmental conditions like mental retardation, learning disabilities, and language disorders ( Bregman, 2005; Durand, 2005 ).
What are the causes of autism?
The development of autism as a diagnosis has not been without great social and cultural debate. Mothers and childhood vaccines are two topics that have been researched as plausible causes for the disorder. A long-held belief about the cause of autism initially came from Kanner’s term, “refrigerator mother,” and was later popularized by Dr. Bruno Bettelheim. Bettleheim’s research blamed mothers for their children’s difficulty speaking, atypical behavior, and rigid rituals. The “refrigerator mother” withheld affection and was emotionally frigid; her cold and detached behavior and inability to nurture her child were thought to cause autism ( Autism Epicenter, 2008-2011 ). As time passed, Dr. Bettelheim’s theory was refuted, because it relied too much on the belief that the parents of children with autism had perverse personality characteristics that had not been systematically observed ( Schreibman, 2005 ).
What is advocacy in autism?
Given this situation, the question for family counselors and other professionals becomes how can we become advocates for family members as they negotiate societal systems and environments? According to Lee (2007 ), “Advocacy refers to the process or act of arguing or pleading for a cause or proposal, either of one’s own or on behalf of someone else” (p. xvi). Lewis, Arnold, House, and Toporek (2002) offer advocacy competencies that can be useful to counselors and other professionals working through issues of autism with clients and their families. Within the domains of client/student, school/community, and the public arena, counselors can assess whether they need to serve on behalf of their clients through advocacy or work with their clients more directly. Counselors can also decide on the cost and benefits of working on a micro level or a macro level for any of the domains.
Can autism be cured?
Mandell and Novak (2005) state that families who believe autism can be cured tend to follow treatment mandates designed to cure, while families who do not believe this are less likely to challenge the course of the disorder.
What is culture in psychology?
Dwight Heath1 offers a simple definition: "It [culture] is a system of patterns of belief and behavior that shape the worldview of the member of a society. As such, it serves as a guide for action, a cognitive map, and a grammar for behavior.". There have been numerous definitions of culture.
How does culture affect substance abuse?
Culture plays a central role in forming the expectations of individuals about potential problems they may face with drug use. 1 For many social groups, this may provide a protective factor.
What is the goal of a clinician?
The goal of the clinician should be to uncover sociocultural issues that will affect acceptance, retention, and ultimately, treatment outcome. Access to treatment is facilitated by locating treatment facilities in easily accessible geographic areas.
What are the problems that drugs and alcohol bring to communities?
Treatment interventions should be designed with input from the community. It is in this task of community healing that hope is rekindled, and it is this hope that initiates and drives the healing process. Tribal groups , families, traditional healers , religious entities, legal authorities, and local health care providers should all be involved in the healing and recovery process.
How long have alcohol and drugs been around?
Alcohol and many other drugs have been used for thousands of years. Alcoholic beverages have been fermented from an array of plants and fruits since at least 4000 bc. Both wine and beer were first made at about the same time in what are now Iraq and Iran. 1 Some of the earliest references to the use of alcohol are found in ancient Sumerian clay tablets that contain recipes for the use of wine as a solvent for medications. 2 There is little mention of alcohol use in North America before the arrival of whites. However, there are some isolated reports of alcohol use by the Aztec in Mexico, by the Pima/Papago in the Southwest United States, and by the Aleuts from as far north as Alaska. 3 Alcoholic beverages were introduced in larger quantities during colonial times.
What is clinical diagnosis?
Clinical diagnosis is the process of using assessment data to determine if the pattern of symptoms the person presents with is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder outlined in an established classification system such as the DSM-5 or I CD-10 (both will be described shortly). Any diagnosis should have clinical utility, meaning it aids the mental health professional in determining prognosis, the treatment plan, and possible outcomes of treatment (APA, 2013). Receiving a diagnosis does not necessarily mean the person requires treatment. This decision is made based upon how severe the symptoms are, level of distress caused by the symptoms, symptom salience such as expressing suicidal ideation, risks and benefits of treatment, disability, and other factors (APA, 2013). Likewise, a patient may not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis but require treatment nonetheless.
What is the purpose of a CT scan?
Finally, computed tomography or the CT scan involves taking X-rays of the brain at different angles and is used to diagnose brain damage caused by head injuries or brain tumors. 3.1.3.5. Physical examination.
What is module 3 of the DSM-5?
Module 3 covers the issues of clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. We will define assessment and then describe key issues such as reliability, validity, standardization, and specific methods that are used. In terms of clinical diagnosis, we will discuss the two main classification systems used around the world – the DSM-5 and ICD-10. Finally, we discuss the reasons why people may seek treatment and what to expect when doing so.
How does a mental health professional assess a client?
For a mental health professional to be able to effectively help treat a client and know that the treatment selected worked (or is working), he/she first must engage in the clinical assessment of the client, or collecting information and drawing conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews to determine the person’s problem and the presenting symptoms. This collection of information involves learning about the client’s skills, abilities, personality characteristics, cognitive and emotional functioning, the social context in terms of environmental stressors that are faced, and cultural factors particular to them such as their language or ethnicity. Clinical assessment is not just conducted at the beginning of the process of seeking help but throughout the process. Why is that?
When was the DSM 5 published?
3.2.2.1. A brief history of the DSM. The DSM-5 was published in 2013 and took the place of the DSM IV-TR (TR means Text Revision; published in 2000), but the history of the DSM goes back to 1944 when the American Psychiatric Association published a predecessor of the DSM which was a “statistical classification of institutionalized mental patients” and “…was designed to improve communication about the types of patients cared for in these hospitals” (APA, 2013, p. 6). The DSM evolved through four major editions after World War II into a diagnostic classification system to be used psychiatrists and physicians, but also other mental health professionals. The Herculean task of revising the DSM began in 1999 when the APA embarked upon an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the DSM in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) Division of Mental Health, the World Psychiatric Association, and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This collaboration resulted in the publication of a monograph in 2002 called A Research Agenda for DSM-V. From 2003 to 2008, the APA, WHO, NIMH, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) convened 13 international DSM-5 research planning conferences “to review the world literature in specific diagnostic areas to prepare for revisions in developing both DSM-5 and the International Classification of Disease, 11th Revision (ICD-11)” (APA, 2013).
What are the three critical concepts of assessment?
The assessment process involves three critical concepts – reliability, validity, and standardization . Actually, these three are important to science in general. First, we want the assessment to be reliable or consistent. Outside of clinical assessment, when our car has an issue and we take it to the mechanic, we want to make sure that what one mechanic says is wrong with our car is the same as what another says, or even two others. If not, the measurement tools they use to assess cars are flawed. The same is true of a patient who is suffering from a mental disorder. If one mental health professional says the person suffers from major depressive disorder and another says the issue is borderline personality disorder, then there is an issue with the assessment tool being used (in this case, the DSM and more on that in a bit). Ensuring that two different raters are consistent in their assessment of patients is called interrater reliability. Another type of reliability occurs when a person takes a test one day, and then the same test on another day. We would expect the person’s answers to be consistent, which is called test-retest reliability. For example, let’s say the person takes the MMPI on Tuesday and then the same test on Friday. Unless something miraculous or tragic happened over the two days in between tests, the scores on the MMPI should be nearly identical to one another. What does identical mean? The score at test and the score at retest are correlated with one another. If the test is reliable, the correlation should be very high (remember, a correlation goes from -1.00 to +1.00, and positive means as one score goes up, so does the other, so the correlation for the two tests should be high on the positive side).
When was the DSM revised?
The Herculean task of revising the DSM began in 1999 when the APA embarked upon an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the DSM in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) Division of Mental Health, the World Psychiatric Association, and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
How to schedule a urologist appointment?
Make a list of: 1 Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment, and when they began 2 Key personal information, including recent life changes, such as a new sexual partner, and whether you've had previous urinary tract or kidney infections 3 All medications, vitamins and other supplements you take, including doses 4 Questions to ask your doctor
What is the first line of treatment for kidney infection?
Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for kidney infections. Which drugs you use and for how long depend on your health and the bacteria found in your urine tests.
How to reduce pain from kidney infection?
To reduce discomfort while you recover from a kidney infection, you might: Apply heat. Place a heating pad on your abdomen, back or side to ease pain. Use pain medicine. For fever or discomfort, take a nonaspirin pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil, others). Stay hydrated.