What are the treatment goals for tuberculosis (TB)?
Responsibility for Successful Treatment. The overall goals for treatment of tuberculosis are 1) to cure the individual patient, and 2) to minimize the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to other persons.
How can we improve the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis?
New drugs and new combinations of already known drugs have been tested in tuberculosis treatment with the aims of reducing treatment duration and increasing treatment effectiveness in cases of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and in cases of MDR-TB.
What is effective tuberculosis case management?
Effective tuberculosis case management identifies and characterizes the terrain and determines an appropriate care plan based on each of the identified factors.
What is the health department's role in the control of tuberculosis?
The responsibility of the health department in the control of tuberculosis is to ensure that all persons who are suspected of having tuberculosis are identified and evaluated promptly and that an appropriate course of treatment is prescribed and completed successfully ( 1 ,2 ).
What are the goals of tuberculosis treatment?
The major goals of treatment for TB disease are to • Cure the individual patient; • Minimize risk of death and disability; and • Reduce transmission of M. tuberculosis to other persons. To ensure that these goals are met, TB disease must be treated for at least 6 months and in some cases even longer.
What is the treatment plan for patients having TB?
You'll be prescribed at least a 6-month course of a combination of antibiotics if you're diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, where your lungs are affected and you have symptoms. The usual treatment is: 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months.
What are basic principles of treatment of patients with tuberculosis?
The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) must satisfy the following basic therapeutic principles: Any regimen must use multiple drugs to which Mycobacterium tuberculosis is susceptible. The medications must be taken regularly. The therapy must continue for a period sufficient to resolve the illness.
What are the factors that contribute to the successful treatment of tuberculosis?
Conclusion: Family support, socioeconomic, physician and nurse support, availability to access health services, social stigma, psychological stress, and knowledge were significant factors of the successful treatment of tuberculosis.
What is first line treatment for TB?
The standardized regimens for anti-TB treatment recommended by WHO include five essential medicines designated as “first line”: isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E) and streptomycin (S). Table 2.1 shows the recommended doses for adults and children.
What method monitors the effectiveness of TB treatment?
The use of sputum smear microscopy and culture rather than sputum smear microscopy alone is recommended for the monitoring of patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) during treatment (conditional recommendation/very low quality evidence) (2).
What are the basic principles of treatment?
What are the principles of treatment? The principles of treatment are to reduce the effect and kill the cause of the diseases.
What are the prevention and control of tuberculosis?
The risk of infection can be reduced by using a few simple precautions: good ventilation: as TB can remain suspended in the air for several hours with no ventilation. natural light: UV light kills off TB bacteria. good hygiene: covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the spread of TB bacteria.
What is the most important principle for tuberculosis control?
Administrative controls are the first and most important level of the hierarchy. These are management measures that are intended to reduce the risk or exposure to persons with infectious TB.
What is TB treatment success rate?
The WHO recommends that a good performing tuberculosis program should achieve at least 90% treatment success rate and 85% cure rate [2].
How does GeneXpert influence TB treatment?
Compared to conventional diagnostic algorithms, use of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF® (Xpert) technology has been shown to be cost-effective for diagnosis among presumed TB patients, drastically decrease the time to diagnose patients in clinical settings, and allow quicker initiation of SLD treatment for MDR-TB [1–4].
What are the goals of TB treatment?
The major goals of treatment for TB disease are to. Cure the individual patient (prevent death, disability, and relapse); Reduce transmission of M. tuberculosis to other persons; and. Prevent emergence of drug resistance.
How long does it take to cure TB?
To ensure that these goals are met, TB disease must be treated for at least 6 months and, in some cases, even longer. Most of the bacteria are killed during the first 8 weeks of treatment; however, there are persistent organisms that require longer treatment.
What are the goals of tuberculosis treatment?
The overall goals for treatment of tuberculosis are 1) to cure the individual patient, and 2) to minimize the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to other persons. Thus, successful treatment of tuberculosis has benefits both for the individual patient and the community in which the patient resides.
What are the drugs that treat tuberculosis?
In addition, the fluoroquinolones, although not approved by the FDA for tuberculosis, are used relatively commonly to treat tuberculosis caused by drug-resistant organisms or for patients who are intolerant of some of the first-line drugs. Rifabutin, approved for use in preventing Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infection but not approved for tuberculosis, is useful for treating tuberculosis in patients concurrently taking drugs that have unacceptable interactions with other rifamycins. Amikacin and kanamycin, nearly identical aminoglycoside drugs used in treating patients with tuberculosis caused by drug-resistant organisms, are not approved by the FDA for tuberculosis.
Why are antituberculosis drugs needed?
New antituberculosis drugs are needed for three main reasons: 1) to shorten or otherwise simplify treatment of tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible organisms, 2) to improve treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and 3) to provide more efficient and effective treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.
What is the recommended treatment regimen based on?
The recommended treatment regimens are, in large part, based on evidence from clinical trials and are rated on the basis of a system developed by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).
What is the practical aspect of therapy?
Practical aspects of therapy, including drug administration, use of fixed-dose combination preparations, monitoring and management of adverse effects, and drug interactions are discussed. Treatment completion is defined by number of doses ingested, as well as the duration of treatment administration.
When is susceptibility testing recommended?
However, susceptibility testing is recommended by the WHO for patients who fail (sputum smear--positive in month 5 of treatment or later during the course of treatment) the initial treatment regimen, and for those who fail a supervised retreatment regimen.
When was the Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society approved?
This Official Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society, CDC, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America was approved by the ATS Board of Directors, by CDC, and by the Council of the IDSA in October 2002.
How to treat tuberculosis?
1. Patients are treated with a drug to which M. tuberculosis is sensitive. 2. Drugs need to be taken on a regular basis for a sufficient amount of time. 3. Treatment continues until the patient's purified protein derivative is negative. 4.
What is the best treatment for TB?
2. INH, ethambutol, kanamycin, and rifampin. 3. Treatment with at least two drugs to which the TB is susceptible. 4. Levofloxacin. 3. Treatment with at least two drugs to which the TB is susceptible. Lila is 24 weeks pregnant and has been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB).
What is a drug resistant TB?
Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is defined as TB that is resistant to: 1.Fluoroquinolones. 2.Rifampin and isoniazid. 3.Amoxicillin. 4.Ceftriaxone. Click card to see definition 👆. Tap card to see definition 👆. 2.Rifampin and isoniazid. Click again to see term 👆.
How long does Isabella have to be on a treatment regimen?
All of the above. 2. Drugs need to be taken on a regular basis for a sufficient amount of time. Isabella has confirmed tuberculosis and is placed on a 6-month treatment regimen. The 6-month regimen consists of: 1.
What are the goals of TB treatment?
4. Active TB treatment goals include curingthe infection and preventing spreadin the community. Treatment with asingle drug can lead to development ofdrug-resistant TB.
Why is effective therapy important?
Effective therapy is critical to the publichealth response and control of TB. Themajority of treatment failure cases anddrug resistance arise from poor patientadherence and inappropriate therapychoice. Thus, pharmacists can playan important role by monitoring theappropriateness of the regimen, adverseevents, follow-up visits, and medicationadherence, and educating the patient onmedication use.
Is tuberculosis a global health concern?
Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern?it is important for the pharmacist to focus on patient medication adherence to avoid drug resistance. Dr. Grandinetti is a senior clinical research pharmacist at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland. The views expressed are those ...
Is XDR TB resistant to fluoroquinolone?
In addition, a newly identified threat,extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB),compounds this global health problem.XDR-TB is resistant to at least isoniazidand rifampin, in addition to any fluoroquinolone, and at least 1 of the 3 intravenoussecond-line treatments (capreomycin,kanamicin, and amikacin). 9 Although XDR-TB is rare, it is muchmore difficult to treat, as fewer effectivetreatments are available. Successfuloutcomes depend on the extent of drugresistance, the severity of the disease,and the patient's immune status. 8