Infection and anti-infective treatment are the eternal themes of sepsis. The successful control of infection is a key factor of resuscitation for sepsis and septic shock. This review examines evidence for the treatment of sepsis.
Full Answer
What is anti-infective drugs?
Anti-Infective Drugs. Anti-infective agents are drugs utilized to exert effect on invading foreign organisms on the body, especially those which can cause infection. Its scientific investigation started in the 1920s after Paul Ehrlich developed synthetic chemicals that would be effective only against the certain proteins or enzyme systems used...
What are some examples of antivirals that treat infectious diseases?
-Examples: -amantadine (Symmetrel)-influenza A or Parkinsons -acyclovir (Zovirax)-herpes zoster, CMV, herpes simplex -ribavirin (Virazole)-influenza A & B, RSV, treatment of HCV -Teratogenic and embryolethal -zanamivir (Tamiflu)-influenza A & B antiretrovirals
What is the nurse’s role in the duration of anti-infective therapy?
The nurse should emphasized the importance of finishing the prescribed duration (correct number of times each day for the full number of days) of anti-infective therapy to ensure that microbes are completely eliminated and are not given the chance to grow and develop resistant strains.
What are antimicrobials?
Chemical compounds produced by living microorganisms capable of inhibiting or killing the growth of other microbes. Used interchangeably with term antibacterial, antimicrobial
What complicates a UTI?
The pathophysiology of complicated UTIs has the following four aspects: Structural abnormalities, such as calculi, infected cysts, renal/bladder abscesses, certain forms of pyelonephritis, spinal cord injury (SCI), and catheters. Metabolic/hormonal abnormalities, such as diabetes and pregnancy.
What is urinary tract anti infective agents?
Urinary anti-infectives are drugs that are used to prevent or treat urinary tract infections. There are several classes of antibacterial agents in this category and they have different mechanisms of action.
Why are male UTIs considered complicated?
Examples of a complicated UTI include: Infections occurring despite the presence of anatomical protective measures (UTI in males are by definition considered complicated UTI) Infections occurring due to anatomical abnormalities, for example, an obstruction, hydronephrosis, renal tract calculi, or colovesical fistula.
What would be an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient on a urinary tract antispasmodic?
Antispasmodic agents may relieve bladder irritability and analgesics and application of heat help relieve pain and spasm. Fluids. The nurse should encourage the patient to drink liberal amounts of fluids to promote renal blood flow and to flush bacteria from the urinary tract.
What does anti infectious mean?
Anti-infectives are medicines that work to prevent or treat infections, they include antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic medications.
What are urinary antiseptic used for?
Nalidixic acid was the first available and it is an effective urinary tract antiseptic (it sterilizes the urine). The newer agents in this group are useful in a wide range of bacterial infections, including lower respiratory tract infections, bone and joint infections, and prostatitis.
What is UTI infection in pregnancy?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the urinary system. UTIs are the most common bacterial infection that women develop during pregnancy. They can occur in different parts of the urinary tract, including the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis).
What causes E. coli in urine?
E. coli often gains entry into the urinary tract via stool. Women are particularly at risk for UTIs because their urethra sits close to the anus, where E. coli is present.
What causes bugs in urine?
What are the causes of urine infection? The bugs that cause these infections are normally bacteria, and one of the commonest is called E. coli. This is a bug found inside our bowel, and is also on our skin.
What are interventions for patients with UTI?
Nursing ManagementAssess the symptoms of UTI.Encourage patient to drink fluids.Administer antibiotic as ordered.Encourage patient to void frequently.Educate patient on proper wiping (from front to the back)Educate patient on drinking acidic juices which help deter growth of bacteria.Take antibiotics as prescribed.More items...
Can UTI cause impaired urinary elimination?
Impaired Urinary Elimination is a NANDA diagnosis that refers to any disturbance to the urine elimination. It is commonly used to create a nursing care plan for patients with genito-urinary disorders, such as urinary tract infections or UTIs, and renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure.
What is the nursing management for pyelonephritis?
Advise patients to drink plenty of fluids, urinate as soon as they have the urge, empty the bladder completely before bed, promptly report signs and symptoms of UTI or pyelonephritis, and complete the course of antibiotic therapy as prescribed.
Which drug is classified as a urinary antispasmodic?
List of Urinary antispasmodics:Drug NameAvg. RatingReviewsDitropan (Pro) Generic name: oxybutynin4.930 reviewsEnablex (Pro) Generic name: darifenacin6.023 reviewsSanctura (Pro) Generic name: trospium7.522 reviewsDetrol LA (Pro) Generic name: tolterodine6.418 reviews46 more rows
What drug is a fluoroquinolone?
Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibiotics approved to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), and ofloxacin (Floxin).
What is nalidixic acid used for?
Nalidixic acid is a narrow-spectrum agent against enteric bacteria used for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Is urine an antiseptic?
Urine from normal individuals was often inhibitory and sometimes bactericidal for growth of these organisms. Antibacterial activity of urine was not related to lack of nutrient material as addition of broth did not decrease inhibitory activity.
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?
Bactericidal refers to a highly aggressive drug that causes cell death. Bacteriostatic refers to a drug's effectiveness in inter fering with a cell's ability to reproduce or divide. The hospital nurse is caring for a group of adult clients.
What is selective toxicity?
A. An important principle of antimicrobial therapy is selective toxicity, which is the ability to suppress or kill an infecting microbe without injury to the host. This concept does not denote dose-dependent effects, the ability to culture a microorganism, or the production of a drug.
What is a superinfection in nursing?
Superinfections are not associated with oral contraceptives, multivitamins, or anticoagulants. The nurse is preparing to administer a drug that is bactericidal.
Why do prescribers request lower doses of antimicrobial agents?
Prescribers may request lower doses of antimicrobial agents for these two populations to minimize the risk for toxicity. The frequency is important in antimicrobial therapy and would not be decreased. A nurse is aware that the concept of selective toxicity is foundational to antimicrobial therapy.
Why is selective toxicity achievable?
Selective toxicity is achievable because the drug accumulates in a microbe at a higher level than in human cells; the drug has a specific action on cellular structures or biochemical processes that are unique to the microbe; or an action of a drug on biochemical processes is more harmful to the microbe than to host cells. ...
What happens when anti-infectives destroy the normal flora?
Destruction of the normal flora by anti-infectives commonly leads to superinfection, an infection that occurs when opportunistic pathogens that were kept in check by the normal bacteria have the opportunity to invade the tissues. Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions result from antibody formation.
What is tolerance in nursing?
The nurse is assessing a client who has recently been given the first dose of a new anti-infective.
Mechanisms of Actions
Resistance
- Over time, invading pathogens develop resistance to anti-infectives. Resistanceis the ability over time to adapt to an anti-infective drug and produce cells that are no longer affected by a particular drug. Here are a number of ways that microorganisms can develop resistance: 1. Enzyme production. Strains of bacteria that were once susceptible to penicillin can now produce an enzy…
Prevention of Resistance
- Drug resistance and emergence of new strains remain a public health concern. Here are a number of ways in which nurses can facilitate prevention of resistance: 1. Drug dosing. The nursemay collaborate with the physician for around-the-clock dosing to eliminate the peaks and valleys in drug concentration. This also helps maintain a constant therapeutic level to prevent the emerge…
Indications
- Here are some important aspects to remember for indication of anti-infectives: Children 1. Use with caution as early exposure can lead to early sensitivity. 2. Use of antibiotics in pediatric ear infections (which might be a viral infection) may contribute to development of drug resistance. 3. Children are susceptible to gastrointestinal (GI) and nervous system effects of anti-infectives s…
Adverse Effects
- Use of anti-infectives may result to these adverse effects: 1. Kidney damage. Drugs like aminoglycosides have direct toxic effect on the fragile cells in the kidney and can cause conditions ranging from renal dysfunction to full-blown renal failure. Patients should be kept well-hydrate throughout drug therapy course to facilitate drug excretion. 2. GI toxicity. Many anti-infe…
Practice Test: Anti-Infective Agents
- Here are some practice questions for this study guide. Please visit our nursing test bank page for more NCLEX practice questions. 1. This antibiotic can have an adverse effect of dizziness, vertigo, and loss of hearing. A. Chloramphenicol B. Aminoglycoside C. Vancomycin D. Fluoroquinolones 1. Answer: B. Aminoglycosides. This antibiotic collect in the 8thcranial nerve causing neurotoxicity …
Recommended Resources
- Recommended resources and reference books. Disclosure: Includes Amazon affiliate links. 1. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology– Easy to follow guide for Pharmacology 2. NCLEX-RN Drug Guide: 300 Medications You Need to Know for the Exam– Great if you’re reviewing for the NCLEX 3. Nursing 2017 Drug Handbook (Nursing Drug Handbook)– Reliable nursing drug handbook! 4. …
See Also
- Here are other nursing pharmacology study guides: 1. Nursing Pharmacology – Study Guide for Nurses Gastrointestinal System Drugs 1. Antacids 2. Histamine-2 Antagonists 3. Proton Pump Inhibitors Respiratory System Drugs 1. Antihistamines 2. Bronchodilators and Antiasthmatics 3. Decongestants 4. Expectorants and Mucolytics 5. Inhaled Steroids 6. Lung Surfactants Endocrin…
References and Sources
- References and sources for this pharmacology guide for Anti-Infective Agents: 1. Karch, A. M., & Karch. (2011). Focus on nursing pharmacology. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [Link] 2. Katzung, B. G. (2017). Basic and clinical pharmacology. McGraw-Hill Education. 3. Lehne, R. A., Moore, L. A., Crosby, L. J., & Hamilton, D. B. (2004). Pharmacology for nursing car…