The goal of the second phase is to make sure each tooth has an exact location in the mouth where it is in harmony with the lips, cheeks, tongue, and other teeth. When this equilibrium is established, the teeth will function together properly. Phase Two usually involves full upper and lower braces.
Full Answer
What is the purpose of two phase treatment?
The purpose of two-phase treatment is to maximize the opportunity to accomplish an ideal, healthy, functional, and aesthetic result that will remain stable throughout your child’s life. What if treatment is put off?
What happens in a Phase 2 trial?
The patients who participate in phase 2 trials are typically divided into two groups: The first actually receives the experimental drug, while the second receives either a placebo or the current standard treatment for the condition. This second group is called the control group.
What are the two types of secondary treatments?
Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems, and as aerobic versus anaerobic.
What is second-line treatment?
Second-line treatment is treatment for a disease or condition after the initial treatment (first-line treatment) has failed, stopped working, or has side effects that aren't tolerated.
What are Phase 2 clinical trials for?
A phase II clinical trial tells doctors more about how safe the treatment is and how well it works. Doctors also test whether a new treatment works for a specific cancer. They might measure the tumor, take blood samples, or check how well you can do certain activities.
What does Phase II mean?
Definitions of phase II. a clinical trial on more persons than in phase I; intended to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment for the condition it is intended to treat; possible side effects are monitored. synonyms: phase II clinical trial.
What is the second phase of new drug development?
Step 2: Preclinical Research. Once a lead compound is found, preclinical phase of drug development begins with in vivo research to determine the efficacy and safety of the drug.
What is the second line therapy?
Second-line treatment is treatment for a disease or condition after the initial treatment (first-line treatment) has failed, stopped working, or has side effects that aren't tolerated. It's important to understand "lines of treatment" and how they differ from first line treatment and can play a role in clinical trials.
What is the difference between Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials?
Phase I trials test if a new treatment is safe and look for the best way to give the treatment. Doctors also look for signs that cancer responds to the new treatment. Phase II trials test if one type of cancer responds to the new treatment. Phase III trials test if a new treatment is better than a standard treatment.
What is Phase 2 and 3 in clinical trial?
A study that tests how well a new treatment works for a certain type of cancer or other disease and compares the new treatment with a standard treatment. Phase II/III clinical trials may also provide more information about the safety and side effects of the new treatment.
What are the 3 phases of clinical trials?
There are 3 main phases of clinical trials – phases 1 to 3. Phase 1 trials are the earliest phase trials and phase 3 are later phase trials. Some trials have an earlier stage called phase 0, and there are some phase 4 trials done after a drug has been licensed. Some trials are randomised.
Why do drugs fail in Phase 2?
Failures in phase II testing overall usually occur because: 1) previously unknown toxic side effects occur (50%); 2) the trials show insufficient efficacy to treat the medical condition being tested (30%); or 3) commercial viability looks poor (15%) (10).
What are the 5 stages of drug development?
Content current as of:Step 1: Discovery and Development.Step 2: Preclinical Research.Step 3: Clinical Research.Step 4: FDA Drug Review.Step 5: FDA Post-Market Drug Safety Monitoring.
What is 2nd line?
“Second lining” is a highly recognizable strutting, chicken-like dance move that many people use to keep pace with the band. So “second line” is a term with many meanings; it applies to a type of parade, a part of the parade, and a dance move used within that parade.
What is a second line antibiotic?
The most commonly used second-line therapies include amoxicillin/clavulanate, second- or third-generation cephalosporins (eg, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefdinir), macrolides (ie, clarithromycin), fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), and clindamycin.
What is first-line and second line drugs?
The first-line therapeutic drugs are the most effective and least toxic for use in the treatment of TB, while the second-line therapeutic drugs are less effective, more expensive and have higher toxicities. They are however, essential for the treatment of drug resistant forms of the bacteria (MDR-TB).
What is secondary treatment?
Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of municipal plants use aerobic biological processes as a secondary treatment step. To be effective, the biota require both oxygen and food to live.
What happens when biocide concentrations exceed the secondary treatment?
BOD reduction normally accomplished by that species temporarily ceases until other species reach a suitable population to utilize that food source, or the original population recovers as biocide concentrations decline.
How much BOD is in secondary treated sewage?
Secondary treated sewage is expected to produce effluent with a monthly average of less than 30 mg/l BOD and less than 30 mg/l suspended solids. Weekly averages may be up to 50 percent higher.
How is primary clarifier effluent discharged?
Primary clarifier effluent was discharged directly to eutrophic natural wetlands for decades before environmental regulations discouraged the practice. Where adequate land is available, stabilization ponds with constructed wetland ecosystems can be built to perform secondary treatment separated from the natural wetlands receiving secondary treated sewage. Constructed wetlands resemble fixed-film systems more than suspended growth systems, because natural mixing is minimal. Constructed wetland design uses plug flow assumptions to compute the residence time required for treatment. Patterns of vegetation growth and solids deposition in wetland ecosystems, however, can create preferential flow pathways which may reduce average residence time. Measurement of wetland treatment efficiency is complicated because most traditional water quality measurements cannot differentiate between sewage pollutants and biological productivity of the wetland. Demonstration of treatment efficiency may require more expensive analyses.
What is a cyclic activated sludge system?
One type of system that combines secondary treatment and settlement is the cyclic activated sludge (CASSBR), or sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Typically, activated sludge is mixed with raw incoming sewage, and then mixed and aerated. The settled sludge is run off and re-aerated before a proportion is returned to the headworks.
What is the biological stage of a high charged system?
This refers to the way the biological load is processed. In high charged systems, the biological stage is presented with a high organic load and the combined floc and organic material is then oxygenated for a few hours before being charged again with a new load.
What is primary treatment of sewage?
Primary treatment of sewage by quiescent settling allows separation of floating material and heavy solids from liquid waste. The remaining liquid usually contains less than half of the original solids content and approximately two-thirds of the BOD in the form of colloids and dissolved organic compounds.
