When both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group the research design can be called?
In many experiments, either experimenters or participants are unaware of the experimental condition they are in. If only one of these groups, usually the participants, is “blind” to the intervention, then the study is said to have a single-blind design.
When neither the patients or experimenters are aware of which patients are part of an experimental group or the control group the experiment is called a n?
a study/ experiment in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows whether the participants are in the experimental group (treatment) or the control group (placebo).
What is a single blind experiment quizlet?
single blind. experiment in which only the participants are unaware of which participants received treatment. double-blind experiment. experiment in which neither the experiment nor the participants know which participants received which treatment. placebo effect.
Which group does not get the experimental treatment?
The control group is composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. When conducting an experiment, these people are randomly assigned to be in this group.
What is quasi-experimental study?
Quasi-experiments are studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use randomization. Similar to randomized trials, quasi-experiments aim to demonstrate causality between an intervention and an outcome.
What is a single-blind experiment?
(SING-gul-blind STUH-dee) A type of clinical trial in which only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the trial is over. A single-blind study makes results of the study less likely to be biased.
What is a double-blind experiment in psychology?
Listen to pronunciation. (DUH-bul-blind STUH-dee) A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes results of the study less likely to be biased.
What does a double-blind experiment control?
A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.
Which researcher is conducting a single-blind experiment?
obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. Whether the results are likely due to the Independent variable (IV) or merely due to chance. -results that are statistically are considered valid and reliable.
Which group receives the treatment?
experimental groupControl groups in experiments The treatment group (also called the experimental group) receives the treatment whose effect the researcher is interested in. The control group receives either no treatment, a standard treatment whose effect is already known, or a placebo (a fake treatment).
What does a controlled experiment test?
A controlled experiment is a scientific test that is directly manipulated by a scientist, in order to test a single variable at a time. The variable being tested is the independent variable, and is adjusted to see the effects on the system being studied.
What is a factorial experiment explain with an example?
Each combination of a single level selected from every factor is present once. This experiment is an example of a 22 (or 2×2) factorial experiment, so named because it considers two levels (the base) for each of two factors (the power or superscript), or #levels#factors, producing 22=4 factorial points.
What did Bonnie do in her experiment?
History. Bonnie conducts an experiment to examine the effects of media on college women's body image. She gives a sample of women a body image questionnaire, then a week later exposes them to magazine photos of very thin models. Then a week later she administers a posttest designed to assess any changes in body image.
Why should individual differences be equally distributed across the groups?
d. Because all participants have an equal likelihood of being in any group, any individual differences associated with the participants should be equally distributed across the groups.
What did Sagles and others do in 2002?
Sagles et al. (2002) conducted a cross-cultural study of the identification of facial expressions. They were careful to use photographs of faces only so that variables like attire and body type could not influence responses. Sagles et al. used the control technique of
How long does a control group have to exercise?
The experimental group must exercise for two hours per day for six months. The control group must exercise for 15 minutes per day for six months. Gary finds greater weight loss in the experimental group than the control group.
Is participant characteristics an independent variable?
a. Participant characteristics are extraneous variables, not independent variables.
Does Janie's scale measure extraversion?
Janie creates a new scale to measure self-esteem, but it turns out that it really measures extraversion. Janie's scale has low
Can a researcher be sure that all extraneous variables have been equally distributed across the groups?
b. The researcher cannot be sure that all extraneous variables have been equally distributed across the groups .
What is descriptive research method?
Q. This research method is a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
What is dependent variable research?
Q. This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable ).
What are the disadvantages of descriptive research?
Q. The disadvantage of this method of descriptive research is that the data is limited to only answering the question (s) asked. These limitations lead to biases, ambiguous conclusions, and low participation rates among research populations.
Why are people willing to continue the experiment?
The researchers suggest the perspective of "engaged followership": that people are not simply obeying the orders of a leader, but instead are willing to continue the experiment because of their desire to support the scientific goals of the leader and because of a lack of identification with the learner.
Who was in charge of the experiment?
Three individuals took part in each session of the experiment: The "experimenter", who was in charge of the session. The "teacher", a volunteer for a single session. The "teachers" were led to believe that they were merely assisting, whereas they were actually the subjects of the experiment.
What did Milgram and other psychologists do?
Later, Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world, with similar results. Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered, backstreet office in a bustling city, as opposed to at Yale, a respectable university. The level of obedience, "although somewhat reduced, was not significantly lower." What made more of a difference was the proximity of the "learner" and the experimenter. There were also variations tested involving groups.
What is the Milgram experiment?
The Milgram experiment (s) on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, men 20-50 years old from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner". These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real.
How many people refused to continue the Milgram experiment?
Of the twelve participants, only three refused to continue to the end of the experiment. Speaking during the episode, social psychologist Clifford Stott discussed the influence that the idealism of scientific inquiry had on the volunteers. He remarked: "The influence is ideological. It's about what they believe science to be, that science is a positive product, it produces beneficial findings and knowledge to society that are helpful for society. So there's that sense of science is providing some kind of system for good."
Why was the Milgram shock experiment controversial?
The Milgram Shock Experiment raised questions about the research ethics of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress and inflicted insight suffered by the participants. Some critics such as Gina Perry argued that participants were not properly debriefed. In Milgram's defense, 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were "glad" or "very glad" to have participated; 15 percent chose neutral responses (92% of all former participants responding). Many later wrote expressing thanks. Milgram repeatedly received offers of assistance and requests to join his staff from former participants. Six years later (at the height of the Vietnam War ), one of the participants in the experiment wrote to Milgram, explaining why he was glad to have participated despite the stress:
Why did the experimenter tell them they were taking part in a scientific study of memory and learning?
The experimenter told them that they were taking part in "a scientific study of memory and learning", to see what the effect of punishment is on a subject's ability to memorize content. Also, he always clarified that the payment for their participation in the experiment was secured regardless of its development.
When patients or clinicians cannot be blinded, should trialists ensure that the 2 (or more) allocation
When patients or clinicians cannot be blinded, trialists should ensure that the 2 (or more) allocation groups are, apart from the intervention, treated as equally as possible. This may involve standardizing the care of participants such as cointerventions, frequency of follow-up and management of complications.
How to avoid bias in a trial?
The best method to avoid this potential bias is blinding of the data analyst until the entire analysis has been completed.
What is blinding in clinical research?
Blinding refers to the concealment of group allocation from one or more individuals involved in a clinical research study, most commonly a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Although randomization minimizes differences between treatment groups at the outset of the trial, it does nothing to prevent differential treatment ...
How does group assignment affect a participant?
If participants are not blinded, knowledge of group assignment may affect their behaviour in the trial and their responses to subjective outcome measures. For example, a participant who is aware that he is not receiving active treatment may be less likely to comply with the trial protocol, more likely to seek additional treatment outside of the trial and more likely to leave the trial without providing outcome data. Those aware that they are receiving or not receiving therapy are more likely to provide biased assessments of the effectiveness of the intervention — most likely in opposite directions — than blinded participants.7Similarly, blinded clinicians are much less likely to transfer their attitudes to participants or to provide differential treatment to the active and placebo groups than are unblinded clinicians.7
Is blinding more difficult to do in surgical trials?
Blinding is unequivocally more difficult to incorporate in trials of surgical interventions than in trials of medical therapie s.10–12Whereas medical trials usually incorporate placebo medications to achieve blinding, surgical treatments often result in incisions and scars that may differ between groups.
Should researchers consider blinding each individual involved in a trial separately?
Researchers should consider methods to blind each individual involved in a trial separately and search for the simplest, least invasive technique of achieving blinding. Determining the feasibility of blinding patients is usually simple.
Can a researcher blind a group?
Finally, researchers can always blind the individuals performing the statistical analysis by simply labelling the groups with nonidentifying terms (such as A and B). Although this seems intuitive, surprisingly few researchers actually report blinding the data analysts in trials.16