describe in detail how you would go about in treatment and identification of the disease cause.

What is the process of diagnosis disease?

A substance use disorder is a medical illness characterized by clinically significant impairments in health, social function, and voluntary control over substance use.2 Substance use disorders range in severity, duration, and complexity from mild to severe. In 2015, 20.8 million people aged 12 or older met criteria for a substance use disorder. While historically the great majority of ...

How is the decision to begin treatment based on a diagnosis?

This chapter provides an overview of diagnosis in health care, including the committee's conceptual model of the diagnostic process and a review of clinical reasoning. Diagnosis has important implications for patient care, research, and policy. Diagnosis has been described as both a process and a classification scheme, or a “pre-existing set of categories agreed upon by …

How to diagnose infectious disease?

Go to the doctor so that they can provide a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Their diagnosis is the identification of the disease, disorder, or other condition that you may have that is ...

How does the provision of treatment inform the diagnosis process?

Although disease is not apparent during the incubation period, some pathologic changes may be detectable with laboratory, radiographic, or other screening methods. Most screening programs attempt to identify the disease process during this phase of its natural history, since intervention at this early stage is likely to be more effective than treatment given after the disease has …

How can you identify the causes of infectious diseases?

What are the methods of treatment of a disease?

How are diseases caused and prevented and treated?

What kind of treatment are needed to be administered if someone illness is caused by a bacteria?

What is the best way to treat infection?

What are the basic five principles of treatment for diseases?

What are the two methods of treatment?

What are the different ways described for the principle of treatment and principle of prevention of diseases?

What is principle of treatment and prevention?

What are principles of treatment?

How do you think the treatment for viral and bacterial illnesses differ?

How can you protect yourself from infection?

What is diagnosis in medicine?

Diagnosis means finding the cause of a disorder, not just giving it a name. —Sydney Walker III. The practice of medicine often is considered to be both science and art because identifying the underlying causes of disease and establishing a diagnosis require that health care practitioners use a combination of scientific method, intuition, ...

What is the first step in the diagnostic process?

In fact, many health care practitioners (physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals) believe that the patient's medical history is the key to diagnosis and that the physical examination and results of any diagnostic testing (laboratory analyses of blood or urine, x-rays, or other imaging studies) simply serve to confirm the diagnosis made on the basis of the medical history.

Is medicine a science?

The practice of medicine often is considered to be both science and art because identifying the underlying causes of disease and establishing a diagnosis require that health care practitioners use a combination of scientific method, intuition, and interpersonal (communication and human relations) skills.

How is a medical history developed?

A medical history is developed using data collected during the health care practitioner's interview with the patient. The medical history also may include data from a health history form or health questionnaire completed by the patient before the visit with the practitioner.

What is the objective of medical history?

The objectives of taking a medical history are as follows: Obtain, develop, and document (in writing) a clear, accurate, chronological account of the individual's medical history (including a family history, employment history, social history, and other relevant information) and current medical problems.

What is physical examination?

National Library of Medicine (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/index.html) defines physical examination as "the process of examining the patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems." It includes inspection (looking), palpation (feeling), auscultation (listening), and percussion (tapping to produce sounds).

What is the purpose of an eye exam?

An eye examination consists of a vision test and visual inspection of the eye and surrounding areas for abnormalities, deformities, and signs of infection. Two numbers describe visual acuity (vision).

How do doctors diagnose infectious diseases?

Doctors diagnose infectious diseases using a variety of laboratory tests. Samples of blood, urine, stool, mucus or other body fluids are examined and provide information used in the diagnostic process. In some cases, doctors identify infectious organisms by examining them under a microscope.

What are the causes of infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases can be caused by many pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that may cause illness and disease. For humans, transmission of pathogens may occur in a variety of ways: spread from person-to-person by direct contact, water or foodborne illness or aerosolization of infected particles in ...

Can anyone get an infectious disease?

Anyone can get an infectious disease. People with a compromised immune system (an immune system that doesn’t work at full strength) have greater risk for certain types of infections. Those at higher risk include:

What are the two types of organisms that cause disease?

Bacteria, or small, single-celled organisms capable of causing disease. Fungi, which include many different kinds of fungus. Parasites, which are organisms that live inside host bodies causing sickness. Infectious diseases spread in multiple ways.

How do infectious diseases spread?

In many cases, direct contact with a sick individual, either by skin-to-skin contact (including sexual contact) or by touching something another person touches, transmits the disease into a new host.

How does contact with a sick person spread disease?

In many cases, direct contact with a sick individual, either by skin-to-skin contact (including sexual contact) or by touching something another person touches, transmit s the disease into a new host. Contact with body fluids, such as blood and saliva, also spreads infectious diseases.

How to reduce risk of contracting infectious disease?

You can also reduce your risk of contracting an infectious disease by: Washing your hands with soap and water, thoroughly and frequently. Covering your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough.

What is a substance use disorder?

A substance use disorder is a medical illness characterized by clinically significant impairments in health, social function, and voluntary control over substance use. 2 Substance use disorders range in severity, duration, and complexity from mild to severe. In 2015, 20.8 million people aged 12 or older met criteria for a substance use disorder.

Why do people not seek treatment?

The most common reason is that they are unaware that they need treatment; they have never been told they have a substance use disorder or they do not consider themselves to have a problem. This is one reason why screening for substance use disorders in general health care settings is so important. In addition, among those who do perceive that they need substance use disorder treatment, many still do not seek it. For these individuals, the most common reasons given are: 19

Can substance use disorders be treated?

Well-supported scientific evidence shows that substance use disorders can be effectively treated, with recurrence rates no higher than those for other chronic illnesses such as diabetes, asthma, and hypertension. With comprehensive continuing care, recovery is now an achievable outcome.

How many people with substance use disorder receive specialty treatment?

Only about 1 in 10 people with a substance use disorder receive any type of specialty treatment. The great majority of treatment has occurred in specialty substance use disorder treatment programs with little involvement by primary or general health care.

What are the three severity categories of substance use disorders?

9, 10 Currently, substance use disorders are classified diagnostically into three severity categories: mild, moderate, and severe. 2

What is continuum of care?

A continuum of care may include prevention, early intervention, treatment, continuing care, and recovery support. 4. Mild substance use disorders can be identified quickly and reliably in many medical and social settings.

What is early intervention?

Early intervention services can be provided in a variety of settings (e.g., school clinics, primary care offices, mental health clinics) to people who have problematic use or mild substance use disorders. 17 These services are usually provided when an individual presents for another medical condition or social service need and is not seeking treatment for a substance use disorder. The goals of early intervention are to reduce the harms associated with substance misuse, to reduce risk behaviors before they lead to injury, 18 to improve health and social function, and to prevent progression to a disorder and subsequent need for specialty substances use disorder services. 17, 18 Early intervention consists of providing information about substance use risks, normal or safe levels of use, and strategies to quit or cut down on use and use-related risk behaviors, and facilitating patient initiation and engagement in treatment when needed. Early intervention services may be considered the bridge between prevention and treatment services. For individuals with more serious substance misuse, intervention in these settings can serve as a mechanism to engage them into treatment. 17

What are the four types of information gathering activities in the diagnostic process?

The committee identified four types of information-gathering activities in the diagnostic process: taking a clinical history and interview; performing a physical exam; obtaining diagnostic testing; and sending a patient for referrals or consultations.

What is diagnostic process?

The committee concluded that the diagnostic process is a complex, patient-centered, collaborative activity that involves information gathering and clinical reasoning with the goal of determining a patient's health problem.

What is the purpose of a clinical history interview?

Performing a clinical history and interview, conducting a physical exam, performing diagnostic testing, and referring or consulting with other clinicians are all ways of accumulating information that may be relevant to understanding a patient's health problem.

Why is time important in diagnostics?

Time. Of major importance in the diagnostic process is the element of time. Most diseases evolve over time, and there can be a delay between the onset of disease and the onset of a patient's symptoms; time can also elapse before a patient's symptoms are recognized as a specific diagnosis (Zwaan and Singh, 2015).

What is clinical reasoning?

Clinical reasoning is “the cognitive process that is necessary to evaluate and manage a patient's medical problems ” (Barrows, 1980, p. 19).

What is physical exam?

Physical Exam. The physical exam is a hands-on observational examination of the patient. First, a clinician observes a patient's demeanor, complexion, posture, level of distress, and other signs that may contribute to an understanding of the health problem (Davies and Rees, 2010).

What is a diagnosis?

The diagnosis is the identification of a disease, disorder, or other condition that you may have that is causing your symptoms. Diagnoses are sometimes very easy to come by, while others may be a bit trickier. In order to make a good diagnosis your doctor will go through a process that involves several steps, allowing them to gather as much ...

What is the next step in the diagnostic process?

The next step in the diagnostic process is to run some tests. Usually by this step your doctor already has a good idea of what the diagnosis is and the tests are run simply to confirm this diagnosis. Other times though, your doctor may not be quite sure and the tests are used to rule out certain diagnoses to narrow down the field of possible options.

What do doctors do when you come to the office?

The first thing your doctor will do when you come to the office is get your complete medical history. This involves collecting information about any past and current symptoms, any diseases that your family members may have, and collecting any other information that may be helpful such as medications you may be taking. You might think that lab tests and other diagnostic tools are more important than your medical history, but they can carry important clues the doctor might need.

What do doctors do to listen to your body?

Your doctor may also listen to your lungs and heart with a stethoscope, feel or palpate parts of your body like your lymph nodes and abdomen, test your reflexes, use percussion or tapping to listen to sounds in your body, look at your eyes, ears, and mouth, and examine any other places they think may be important.

Why is it important to have a physical exam?

It's important to let your doctor know where you are experiencing symptoms so that they can more closely examine those parts of your body and collect more information for their diagnosis.

What tests are used to confirm a diagnosis?

Which ones depend on your symptoms and suspected diagnosis, and often include bloodwork and imaging tests like MRIs, CTs, and X-rays.

Can a doctor order an MRI?

Other times though, your doctor may not be quite sure and the tests are used to rule out certain diagnoses to narrow down the field of possible options. Your doctor may order an MRI, which is an imaging test to aid in forming a diagnosis.

Can an undiagnosed person transmit a disease to others?

Unfortunately, persons with inapparent or undiagnosed infections may nonetheless be able to transmit infection to others. Such persons who are infectious but have subclinical disease are called carriers.

Can a disease process end in death?

This range is called the spectrum of disease. Ultimately, the disease process ends either in recovery, disability or death.

How long does it take for AIDS to develop?

It is now recognized that it may take 10 years or more for AIDS to develop after seroconversion. ( 43) Many, if not most, diseases have a characteristic natural history, although the time frame and specific manifestations of disease may vary from individual to individual and are influenced by preventive and therapeutic measures.

What is the stage of subclinical disease?

This stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called the incubation period for infectious diseases, and the latency period for chronic diseases.

What is the incubation period?

This stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called the incubation period for infectious diseases, and the latency period for chronic diseases. During this stage, disease is said to be asymptomatic (no symptoms) or inapparent.

What is the transition from subclinical to clinical?

The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to clinical disease. Most diagnoses are made during the stage of clinical disease. In some people, however, the disease process may never progress to clinically apparent illness.

What is the spectrum of disease?

In others, the disease process may result in illness that ranges from mild to severe or fatal. This range is called the spectrum of disease.

Why is it important to confirm a diagnosis?

Confirming diagnosis with laboratories allows health workers to respond rapidly with the most effective treatment and prevention methods, reducing spread of disease and deaths. Effective disease surveillance with rapid laboratory diagnosis enables countries to quickly detect outbreaks and continuously respond to potential risks.

Who are the trained disease detectives?

Train disease detectives, laboratory scientists, veterinarians, and healthcare infection prevention experts who are equipped to identify, track, and contain outbreaks in humans and animals before they spread.

Why do we need to know about zoonotic disease outbreaks?

We quickly need to know about zoonotic disease outbreaks in animals to prepare for and prevent possible spread into human populations. Dangerous pathogens need to be handled carefully and stored securely to prevent them from accidentally or intentionally being released and harming the public.

What are the CDC's contributions to prevention?

CDC’s Contributions in Prevention. Reduce factors that contribute to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance, including improving infection prevention and control. Keep laboratory workers safe and reduce the risk of theft, loss, or mishandling of dangerous pathogens that could harm the public.

What are the first responders in a public health emergency?

First responders may be police officers or security personnel, not doctors. Close ties between health and security can help the sectors work together to detect, report, and limit the threat of infectious disease. During a public health emergency, countries need medications, vaccines, or personal protective equipment.

What are some examples of persistent challenges in responding rapidly and effectively to health security threats?

One example of a persistent challenge in responding rapidly and effectively to health security threats is the limited functionality of EOCs. Without well-functioning EOCs, countries’ coordination during an outbreak is at risk. To address this challenge, CDC is working with countries to develop EOC infrastructure, implement sustainable models for EOC operations, and assist with training current and new EOC staff to activate and manage emergency responses.

How many infectious diseases are zoonotic?

An estimated 6 out of 10 infectious diseases are zoonotic and spread between animals and humans. We quickly need to know about zoonotic disease outbreaks in animals to prepare for and prevent possible spread into human populations.

What is the diagnosis of infectious disease?

Diagnosis of Infectious Disease. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person's symptoms, physical examination results, and risk factors. First, doctors confirm that the person has an infection rather than another type of illness.

What does it mean when a doctor suspects an infection?

Doctors suspect an infection based on the person's symptoms, physical examination results, and risk factors. First, doctors confirm that the person has an infection rather than another type of illness. For example, a person with a cough and difficulty breathing may have pneumonia (a lung infection).

What is the test for a microorganism?

Tested for antibodies (molecules produced by the person's immune system in response to the microorganism) Tested for a microorganism's antigens (molecules from the microorganism that can trigger an immune response in the body) Tested for genetic material (such as DNA or RNA) from the microorganism.

What happens if a test is not done?

If the right test is not done, doctors may not identify the cause of infection. When a microorganism is identified, doctors can then do tests to determine which drugs are most effective against it ( susceptibility tests ), and effective treatment can be started sooner.

What is a sample taken from?

A sample is taken from an area of the person's body likely to contain the microorganism suspected of causing the infection. Samples may include. Some samples sent for testing, such as sputum, stool, and mucus from the nose or throat, normally contain many types of bacteria that do not cause disease.

Can microorganisms be seen with a microscope?

Also, there must be enough of them, and they must be large enough to be seen with a microscope.

Can you see too few microorganisms in a microscope?

Many samples contain too few microorganisms to be seen using a microscope or to be identified using other tests. Thus, doctors usually try to grow the microorganism in a laboratory (called culture) until there are enough to identify.

Medical Histories

Physical Examination

• The National Institutes of Health's U.S. National Library of Medicine (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/index.html) defines physical examination as "the process of examining the patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems." It includes inspection (looking), palpation (feeling), auscultation (listening), and percussion (tapping to...

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• Infectious diseases can be caused by many pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that may cause illness and disease. For humans, transmission of pathogens may occur in a variety of ways: spread from person-to-person by direct contact, water or foodborne illness or aerosolization of infected particles in the environment and thr...

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